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Bilevel linear programs (BLPs) form a class of hierarchical decision-making problems in which both the upper-level and the lower-level decision-makers, known as the leader and the follower, respectively, solve linear optimization problems.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Sergey S. Ketkov , Oleg A. Prokopyev

Solutions of bilevel optimization problems tend to suffer from instability under changes to problem data. In the optimistic setting, we construct a lifted formulation that exhibits desirable stability properties under mild assumptions that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Johannes O. Royset

This paper studies simple bilevel problems, where a convex upper-level function is minimized over the optimal solutions of a convex lower-level problem. We first show the fundamental difficulty of simple bilevel problems, that the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Huaqing Zhang , Lesi Chen , Jing Xu , Jingzhao Zhang

In this paper, we study the regularity assumptions commonly adopted in bilevel optimization with constrained lower-level problems, including the linear independence constraint qualification, the strict complementary slackness condition, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Xiaotian Jiang , Chang He , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

This paper studies distributed convex optimization with both affine equality and nonlinear inequality couplings through the duality analysis. We first formulate the dual of the coupling-constraint problem and reformulate it as a consensus…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-05 Chenyang Qiu , Yangyang Qian , Zongli Lin , Yacov A. Shamash

Practical optimization problems may contain different kinds of difficulties that are often not tractable if one relies on a particular optimization method. Different optimization approaches offer different strengths that are good at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Ankur Sinha , Dhaval Pujara , Hemant Kumar Singh

Bilevel programming can be used to formulate many problems in the field of power systems, such as strategic bidding. However, common reformulations of bilevel problems to mixed-integer linear programs make solving such problems hard, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Eléa Prat , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

The increasing availability of massive data sets poses a series of challenges for machine learning. Prominent among these is the need to learn models under hardware or human resource constraints. In such resource-constrained settings, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Zalán Borsos , Mojmír Mutný , Marco Tagliasacchi , Andreas Krause

Bilevel optimization formulates hierarchical decision-making processes that arise in many real-world applications such as in pricing, network design, and infrastructure defense planning. In this paper, we consider a class of bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Geunyeong Byeon , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Near-optimality robustness extends multilevel optimization with a limited deviation of a lower level from its optimal solution, anticipated by higher levels. We analyze the complexity of near-optimal robust multilevel problems, where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-12 Mathieu Besançon , Miguel F. Anjos , Luce Brotcorne

In this work, we propose derivative-free framework for bilevel optimization. We consider both the upper and lower-level problems with bound constraints on the variables, as well as general nonlinear constraints, assuming that first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Edoardo Cesaroni , Giampaolo Liuzzi , Stefano Lucidi

Chance constraints are a valuable tool for the design of safe decisions in uncertain environments; they are used to model satisfaction of a constraint with a target probability. However, because of possible non-convexity and non-smoothness,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-22 Yassine Laguel , Jérôme Malick , Wim Ackooij

In this paper, we propose a procedure for designing controlled test problems for single-objective bilevel optimization. The construction procedure is flexible and allows its user to control the different complexities that are to be included…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

We consider a bilevel optimization problem in which the ground set is partitioned between two decision makers, a leader and a follower, whose optimization problems are interleaved. We study the Bilevel Independent Set problem, and its…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Komal Muluk

Linear superiorization considers linear programming problems but instead of attempting to solve them with linear optimization methods it employs perturbation resilient feasibility-seeking algorithms and steers them toward reduced (not…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-05 Yair Censor

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization problems, also known as simple bilevel optimization, where we minimize a smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex constrained optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Ruichen Jiang , Nazanin Abolfazli , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

Bilevel programs with spatial price equilibrium constraints are strategic models that consider a price competition at the lower level. These models find application in facility location-price models, optimal bidding in power networks, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-25 Akshit Goyal , Jean-Philippe P. Richard

This paper presents a comprehensive review of techniques proposed in the literature for solving bilevel optimization problems encountered in various real-life applications. Bilevel optimization is an appropriate choice for hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-06 Dhaval Pujara , Ankur Sinha

The mathematical modeling of numerous real-world applications results in hierarchical optimization problems with two decision makers where at least one of them has to solve an optimal control problem of ordinary or partial differential…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-20 Patrick Mehlitz , Gerd Wachsmuth

Separable convex optimization problems with linear ascending inequality and equality constraints are addressed in this paper. Under an ordering condition on the slopes of the functions at the origin, an algorithm that determines the optimum…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-07-22 Arun Padakandla , Rajesh Sundaresan