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Reinforcement learning is explored as a candidate machine learning technique to enhance existing analytical solutions for optimal trade execution with elements from the market microstructure. Given a volume-to-trade, fixed time horizon and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2016-02-19 Dieter Hendricks , Diane Wilcox

The use of reinforcement learning algorithms in financial trading is becoming increasingly prevalent. However, the autonomous nature of these algorithms can lead to unexpected outcomes that deviate from traditional game-theoretical…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-16 Fabrizio Lillo , Andrea Macrì

We investigate the use of Reinforcement Learning for the optimal execution of meta-orders, where the objective is to execute incrementally large orders while minimizing implementation shortfall and market impact over an extended period of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-20 Tomas Espana , Yadh Hafsi , Fabrizio Lillo , Edoardo Vittori

Optimal trade execution is an important problem faced by essentially all traders. Much research into optimal execution uses stringent model assumptions and applies continuous time stochastic control to solve them. Here, we instead take a…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-06-09 Brian Ning , Franco Ho Ting Lin , Sebastian Jaimungal

Execution algorithms are vital to modern trading, they enable market participants to execute large orders while minimising market impact and transaction costs. As these algorithms grow more sophisticated, optimising them becomes…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-28 Ollie Olby , Andreea Bacalum , Rory Baggott , Namid Stillman

Liquidation is the process of selling a large number of shares of one stock sequentially within a given time frame, taking into consideration the costs arising from market impact and a trader's risk aversion. The main challenge in…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-06-27 Wenhang Bao , Xiao-yang Liu

This study investigates the development of an optimal execution strategy through reinforcement learning, aiming to determine the most effective approach for traders to buy and sell inventory within a finite time horizon. Our proposed model…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-04 Yadh Hafsi , Edoardo Vittori

In this paper, we investigate whether deep reinforcement-learning agents interacting in a shared optimal-execution environment can sustain supra-competitive outcomes, in the sense of achieving lower implementation shortfalls than the…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-22 Christos Spyridon Koulouris , Carlo Campajola

Deep Q-learning is investigated as an end-to-end solution to estimate the optimal strategies for acting on time series input. Experiments are conducted on two idealized trading games. 1) Univariate: the only input is a wave-like price time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Xiang Gao

We investigate the well-posedness in the Hadamard sense and the absence of price manipulation in the optimal execution problem within the Almgren-Chriss framework, where the temporary and permanent impact parameters vary deterministically…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Gianluca Palmari , Fabrizio Lillo , Zoltan Eisler

Reinforcement learning algorithms describe how an agent can learn an optimal action policy in a sequential decision process, through repeated experience. In a given environment, the agent policy provides him some running and terminal…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-03-24 Arthur Charpentier , Romuald Elie , Carl Remlinger

In this paper, we introduce a novel reinforcement learning framework for optimal trade execution in a limit order book. We formulate the trade execution problem as a dynamic allocation task whose objective is the optimal placement of market…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-28 Patrick Cheridito , Moritz Weiss

The problem of reinforcement learning is considered where the environment or the model undergoes a change. An algorithm is proposed that an agent can apply in such a problem to achieve the optimal long-time discounted reward. The algorithm…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-25 Wuxia Chen , Taposh Banerjee , Jemin George , Carl Busart

We adopt Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms to design trading strategies for continuous futures contracts. Both discrete and continuous action spaces are considered and volatility scaling is incorporated to create reward functions which…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-25 Zihao Zhang , Stefan Zohren , Stephen Roberts

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for solving decision-making problems in dynamic environments. In this research, we explore the application of Double DQN (DDQN) and Dueling Network Architectures, to financial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Bruno Giorgio

This paper studies reinforcement learning (RL) in doubly inhomogeneous environments under temporal non-stationarity and subject heterogeneity. In a number of applications, it is commonplace to encounter datasets generated by system dynamics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-18 Liyuan Hu , Mengbing Li , Chengchun Shi , Zhenke Wu , Piotr Fryzlewicz

In this study, we introduce an explicit trading-volume process into the Almgren-Chriss model, which is a standard model for optimal execution. We propose a penalization method for deriving a verification theorem for an adaptive optimization…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2017-08-25 Takashi Kato

We apply Reinforcement Learning algorithms to solve the classic quantitative finance Market Making problem, in which an agent provides liquidity to the market by placing buy and sell orders while maximizing a utility function. The optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Matias Selser , Javier Kreiner , Manuel Maurette

Optimal execution is a sequential decision-making problem for cost-saving in algorithmic trading. Studies have found that reinforcement learning (RL) can help decide the order-splitting sizes. However, a problem remains unsolved: how to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-07-25 Feiyang Pan , Tongzhe Zhang , Ling Luo , Jia He , Shuoling Liu

In financial applications, reinforcement learning (RL) agents are commonly trained on historical data, where their actions do not influence prices. However, during deployment, these agents trade in live markets where their own transactions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shaocong Ma , Heng Huang
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