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Quantum entanglement is a building block of the entangled quantum networks of the quantum Internet. A fundamental problem of the quantum Internet is entanglement distribution. Since quantum entanglement will be fundamental to any future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-02 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Efficient entanglement distribution is the foundational challenge in realizing large-scale Quantum Networks. However, state-of-the-art solutions are frequently limited by restrictive operational assumptions, prohibitive computational…

The construction of large-scale quantum networks relies on the development of practical quantum repeaters. Many approaches have been proposed with the goal of outperforming the direct transmission of photons, but most of them are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-23 Xiao Liu , Zong-Quan Zhou , Yi-Lin Hua , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

The construction of large-scale quantum computers will require modular architectures that allow physical resources to be localized in easy-to-manage packages. In this work, we examine the impact of different graph structures on the…

Distributed architectures are gaining prominence in quantum machine learning as a means to overcome hardware limitations and enable scalable quantum information processing. In this context, we analyze the design and performance of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 Marta Gili , Eliana Fiorelli , Ane Blázquez-García , Gian Luca Giorgi , Roberta Zambrini

Distributed quantum computing (DQC) offers a pathway for scaling up quantum computing architectures beyond the confines of a single chip. Entanglement is a crucial resource for implementing non-local operations in DQC, and it is required to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Ji Liu , Allen Zang , Martin Suchara , Tian Zhong , Paul D Hovland

Quantum networks enable a number of important applications such as quantum key distribution. The basic function of a quantum network is to enable long-distance quantum entanglement between two remote communication parties. This work focuses…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Shouqian Shi , Chen Qian

Quantum internet needs to ensure timely provision of entangled qubits to be used in tasks that involve distributed quantum computing or sensing. This has been addressed by a top-down approach of optimized quantum networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Jakob Kaltoft Søndergaard , René Bødker Christensen , Petar Popovski

The entanglement distribution networks with various topologies are mainly implemented by active wavelength multiplexing routing strategies. However, designing an entanglement routing scheme, which achieves the maximized network connections…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-01 Hui Han , Bo Liu , Bangying Tang , Siyu Xiong , Jinquan Huang , Wanrong Yu , Shuhui Chen

Future quantum internet relies on large-scale entanglement distribution. Quantum decoherence is a significant obstacle in large-scale networks, which otherwise perform better with multiple paths between the source and destination. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Muhammad Daud , Aeysha Khalique

Building large-scale quantum computers, essential to demonstrating quantum advantage, is a key challenge. Quantum Networks (QNs) can help address this challenge by enabling the construction of large, robust, and more capable quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-20 Xiaojie Fan , Caitao Zhan , Himanshu Gupta , C. R. Ramakrishnan

Quantum networks constitute a major part of quantum technologies. They will boost distributed quantum computing drastically by providing a scalable modular architecture of quantum chips, or by establishing an infrastructure for measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Seid Koudia

Connecting multiple smaller qubit modules by generating high-fidelity entangled states is a promising path for scaling quantum computing hardware. The performance of such a modular quantum computer is highly dependent on the quality and…

Quantum networks will rely on entanglement distribution to enable multi-user applications such as distributed quantum computing and cryptography. While multipartite entanglement distribution routing protocols have been extensively studied…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Jazz E. Z. Ooi , Evan Sutcliffe , Alejandra Beghelli

Distributing quantum entanglements over long distances is essential for the realization of a global scale quantum Internet. Most of the prior work and proposals assume an on-demand distribution of entanglements which may result in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-06 Shahrooz Pouryousef , Nitish K. Panigrahy , Don Towsley

As quantum key distribution becomes increasingly practical, questions of how to effectively employ it in large-scale networks and over large distances becomes increasingly important. To that end, in this work, we model the performance of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Bing Wang

We propose an architecture for scheduling network operations enabling the end-to-end generation of entanglement according to user demand. The main challenge solved by this architecture is to allow for the integration of a network schedule…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Thomas R. Beauchamp , Hana Jirovská , Scarlett Gauthier , Stephanie Wehner

A quantum network distributes quantum entanglements between remote nodes, and is key to many applications in secure communication, quantum sensing and distributed quantum computing. This paper explores the fundamental trade-off between the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Huayue Gu , Zhouyu Li , Ruozhou Yu , Xiaojian Wang , Fangtong Zhou , Jianqing Liu , Guoliang Xue

We analyze how the performance of a quantum-repeater network depends on the protocol employed to distribute entanglement, and we find that the choice of repeater-to-repeater link protocol has a profound impact on communication rate as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Cody Jones , Danny Kim , Matthew T. Rakher , Paul G. Kwiat , Thaddeus D. Ladd

Entanglement distribution is a key functionality of the Quantum Internet. However, quantum entanglement is very fragile, easily degraded by decoherence, which strictly constraints the time horizon within the distribution has to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-05 Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Jessica Illiano , Michele Viscardi , Marcello Caleffi