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The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

The availability and easy access to digital communication increase the risk of copyrighted material piracy. In order to detect illegal use or distribution of data, digital watermarking has been proposed as a suitable tool. It protects the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Bingyang Wen , Sergul Aydore

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Protecting intellectual property on LLM-generated code necessitates effective watermarking systems that can operate within code's highly structured, syntactically constrained nature. In this work, we introduce CodeTracer, an innovative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Siyuan Xu , Hangfan Zhang , Teng Xiao , Minhao Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks. However, the truthfulness of their outputs is not guaranteed, and their tendency toward overconfidence further limits reliability. Uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Qi Cao , Andrew Gambardella , Takeshi Kojima , Yutaka Matsuo , Yusuke Iwasawa

Most LLM fingerprinting methods teach the model to respond to a few fixed queries with predefined atypical responses (keys). This memorization often does not survive common deployment steps such as finetuning or quantization, and such keys…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

In this paper, we propose a novel statistical framework for watermarking generative categorical data. Our method systematically embeds pre-agreed secret signals by splitting the data distribution into two components and modifying one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Bochao Gu , Hengzhi He , Guang Cheng

With the increasing popularity of large language models, concerns over content authenticity have led to the development of myriad watermarking schemes. These schemes can be used to detect a machine-generated text via an appropriate key,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-26 Soham Bonnerjee , Sayar Karmakar , Subhrajyoty Roy

The rapid proliferation of generative audio synthesis and editing technologies has raised serious concerns about copyright infringement, data provenance, and the spread of misinformation via deepfake audio. Watermarking offers a proactive…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yixin Liu , Lie Lu , Jihui Jin , Lichao Sun , Andrea Fanelli

The rapid advancement of generative AI has made it increasingly challenging to distinguish between deepfake audio and authentic human speech. To overcome the limitations of passive detection methods, we propose StreamMark, a novel deep…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Zhentao Liu , Milos Cernak

Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

Large language models (LLMs) excellently generate human-like text, but also raise concerns about misuse in fake news and academic dishonesty. Decoding-based watermark, particularly the GumbelMax-trick-based watermark(GM watermark), is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jiayi Fu , Xuandong Zhao , Ruihan Yang , Yuansen Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

Clustering using neural networks has recently demonstrated promising performance in machine learning and computer vision applications. However, the performance of current approaches is limited either by unsupervised learning or their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-11 Ankita Shukla , Gullal Singh Cheema , Saket Anand

Detecting semantic types of columns in data lake tables is an important application. A key bottleneck in semantic type detection is the availability of human annotation due to the inherent complexity of data lakes. In this paper, we propose…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Chenjie Li , Dan Zhang , Jin Wang

The rise of generative neural networks has triggered an increased demand for intellectual property (IP) protection in generated content. Deep watermarking techniques, recognized for their flexibility in IP protection, have garnered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Biqing Qi , Junqi Gao , Yiang Luo , Jianxing Liu , Ligang Wu , Bowen Zhou

Large scale agglomerative clustering is hindered by computational burdens. We propose a novel scheme where exact inter-instance distance calculation is replaced by the Hamming distance between Kernelized Locality-Sensitive Hashing (KLSH)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-17 Boyi Xie , Shuheng Zheng

Considering that words with different characteristic in the text have different importance for classification, grouping them together separately can strengthen the semantic expression of each part. Thus we propose a new text representation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Xiaoye Tan , Rui Yan , Chongyang Tao , Mingrui Wu

Text watermarks in large language models (LLMs) are an increasingly important tool for detecting synthetic text and distinguishing human-written content from LLM-generated text. While most existing studies focus on determining whether…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-30 Xiang Li , Garrett Wen , Weiqing He , Jiayuan Wu , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Watermarking is broadly utilized to protect ownership of shared data while preserving data utility. However, existing watermarking methods for tabular datasets fall short on the desired properties (detectability, non-intrusiveness, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yihao Zheng , Haocheng Xia , Junyuan Pang , Jinfei Liu , Kui Ren , Lingyang Chu , Yang Cao , Li Xiong

In this paper, we present a semi-supervised learning algorithm for classification of text documents. A method of labeling unlabeled text documents is presented. The presented method is based on the principle of divide and conquer strategy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Harsha S. Gowda , Mahamad Suhil , D. S. Guru , Lavanya Narayana Raju