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Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has substantially empowered Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle complex reasoning tasks, yet the verbose nature of explicit reasoning steps incurs prohibitive inference latency and computational costs, limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Qin-Wen Luo , Sheng Ren , Xiang Chen , Rui Liu , Jun Fang , Naiqiang Tan , Sheng-Jun Huang

The system prompt in Large Language Models (LLMs) plays a pivotal role in guiding model behavior and response generation. Often containing private configuration details, user roles, and operational instructions, the system prompt has become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Badhan Chandra Das , M. Hadi Amini , Yanzhao Wu

Prompt Optimization has emerged as a crucial approach due to its capabilities in steering Large Language Models to solve various tasks. However, current works mainly rely on the random rewriting ability of LLMs, and the optimization process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Tao Tao , Guanghui Zhu , Lang Guo , Hongyi Chen , Chunfeng Yuan , Yihua Huang

In the burgeoning field of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and LLaMA, Prompt Engineering (PE) is renowned for boosting zero-shot or in-context learning (ICL) through prompt modifications. Yet, the realm of the sample design for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Biyang Guo , He Wang , Wenyilin Xiao , Hong Chen , Zhuxin Lee , Songqiao Han , Hailiang Huang

We propose the In-context Autoencoder (ICAE), leveraging the power of a large language model (LLM) to compress a long context into short compact memory slots that can be directly conditioned on by the LLM for various purposes. ICAE is first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Tao Ge , Jing Hu , Lei Wang , Xun Wang , Si-Qing Chen , Furu Wei

The potential of large language models (LLMs) to mitigate the time- and cost- related challenges associated with inductive thematic analysis (ITA) has been extensively explored in the literature. However, the use of LLMs to support ITA has…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Muhammad Talal Khalid , Ann-Perry Witmer

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong in-context learning abilities, yet their effectiveness in text classification depends heavily on prompt design and incurs substantial computational cost. Conformal In-Context Learning (CICLe)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Ippokratis Pantelidis , Korbinian Randl , Aron Henriksson

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks; however, their effectiveness is highly dependent on prompt design, structure, and embedded reasoning signals. Conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Shiek Ruksana , Sailesh Kiran Kurra , Thipparthi Sanjay Baradwaj

LVLMs encounter significant challenges in image understanding and visual reasoning, leading to critical perception failures. Visual prompts, which incorporate image manipulation code, have shown promising potential in mitigating these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jaechang Kim , Yotaro Shimose , Zhao Wang , Kuang-Da Wang , Jungseul Ok , Shingo Takamatsu

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly facilitated human life, and prompt engineering has improved the efficiency of these models. However, recent years have witnessed a rise in prompt engineering-empowered attacks, leading to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Haiyang Huang , Tianhui Meng , Weijia Jia

Automatic prompt engineering aims to enhance the generation quality of large language models (LLMs). Recent works utilize feedbacks generated from erroneous cases to guide the prompt optimization. During inference, they may further retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Cilin Yan , Jingyun Wang , Lin Zhang , Ruihui Zhao , Xiaopu Wu , Kai Xiong , Qingsong Liu , Guoliang Kang , Yangyang Kang

Large-scale models trained on extensive datasets, have emerged as the preferred approach due to their high generalizability across various tasks. In-context learning (ICL), a popular strategy in natural language processing, uses such models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Jiahao Zhang , Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li , Yuta Nakashima , Hajime Nagahara

Background/Context: Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance on low-dimensional software engineering optimization tasks ($\le$11 features) but consistently underperform on high-dimensional problems where Bayesian methods…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Srinath Srinivasan , Tim Menzies

With the wide adoption of language models for IR -- and specifically RAG systems -- the latency of the underlying LLM becomes a crucial bottleneck, since the long contexts of retrieved passages lead large prompts and therefore, compute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cornelius Kummer , Lena Jurkschat , Michael Färber , Sahar Vahdati

Although prompt engineering is central to unlocking the full potential of Large Language Models (LLMs), crafting effective prompts remains a time-consuming trial-and-error process that relies on human intuition. This study investigates…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Francisca Lemos , Victor Alves , Filipa Ferraz

Prompt engineering, as an efficient and effective way to leverage Large Language Models (LLM), has drawn a lot of attention from the research community. The existing research primarily emphasizes the importance of adapting prompts to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Yuyan Chen , Zhihao Wen , Ge Fan , Zhengyu Chen , Wei Wu , Dayiheng Liu , Zhixu Li , Bang Liu , Yanghua Xiao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread popularity due to their ability to perform ad-hoc Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks with a simple natural language prompt. Part of the appeal for LLMs is their approachability to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Aditi Mishra , Utkarsh Soni , Anjana Arunkumar , Jinbin Huang , Bum Chul Kwon , Chris Bryan

Extending large language models (LLMs) to process longer inputs is crucial for a wide range of applications. However, the substantial computational cost of transformers and limited generalization of positional encoding restrict the size of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Howard Yen , Tianyu Gao , Danqi Chen

With the growing capabilities of large language models (LLMs), they are increasingly applied in areas like intelligent customer service, code generation, and knowledge management. Natural language (NL) prompts act as the ``APIs'' for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Zhenchang Xing , Yang Liu , Zhuo Cheng , Qing Huang , Dehai Zhao , Daniel Sun , Chenhua Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated increasingly sophisticated performance in medical and other fields of knowledge. Traditional methods of creating specialist LLMs require extensive fine-tuning and training of models on large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sean Wu , Michael Koo , Fabien Scalzo , Ira Kurtz