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Research shows that over the last decade, malware has been growing exponentially, causing substantial financial losses to various organizations. Different anti-malware companies have been proposing solutions to defend attacks from these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Hemant Rathore , Swati Agarwal , Sanjay K. Sahay , Mohit Sewak

Although semi-supervised variational autoencoder (SemiVAE) works in image classification task, it fails in text classification task if using vanilla LSTM as its decoder. From a perspective of reinforcement learning, it is verified that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Weidi Xu , Haoze Sun , Chao Deng , Ying Tan

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have been successfully used to probe Large Language Models (LLMs) and extract interpretable concepts from their internal representations. These concepts are linear combinations of neuron activations that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Mathis Le Bail , Jérémie Dentan , Davide Buscaldi , Sonia Vanier

Feature selection (FS) remains essential for building accurate and interpretable detection models, particularly in high-dimensional malware datasets. Conventional FS methods such as Extra Trees, Variance Threshold, Tree-based models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Naveen Gill , Ajvad Haneef K , Madhu Kumar S D

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are a useful tool for uncovering human-interpretable features in the activations of large language models (LLMs). While some expect SAEs to find the true underlying features used by a model, our research shows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Gonçalo Paulo , Nora Belrose

Machine learning is a popular approach to signatureless malware detection because it can generalize to never-before-seen malware families and polymorphic strains. This has resulted in its practical use for either primary detection engines…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-31 Hyrum S. Anderson , Anant Kharkar , Bobby Filar , David Evans , Phil Roth

The increasing sophistication of cyber threats has necessitated the development of advanced detection mechanisms capable of identifying and mitigating ransomware attacks with high precision and efficiency. A novel framework, termed…

Ransomware remains a critical threat to cybersecurity, yet publicly available datasets for training machine learning-based ransomware detection models are scarce and often have limited sample size, diversity, and reproducibility. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Faithful Chiagoziem Onwuegbuche , Adelodun Olaoluwa , Anca Delia Jurcut , Liliana Pasquale

The tremendous growth in smart devices has uplifted several security threats. One of the most prominent threats is malicious software also known as malware. Malware has the capability of corrupting a device and collapsing an entire network.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Muhammad Ahmed , Anam Qureshi , Jawwad Ahmed Shamsi , Murk Marvi

There has been a surge of interest in using machine learning (ML) to automatically detect malware through their dynamic behaviors. These approaches have achieved significant improvement in detection rates and lower false positive rates at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-20 Li Chen , Chih-Yuan Yang , Anindya Paul , Ravi Sahita

When malware employs an unseen zero-day exploit, traditional security measures such as vulnerability scanners and antivirus software can fail to detect them. This is because these tools rely on known patches and signatures, which do not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Jinting Zhu , Julian Jang-Jaccard , Ian Welch , Harith AI-Sahaf , Seyit Camtepe , Aeryn Dunmore , Cybersecurity Lab

The increasing sophistication of encryption-based ransomware has demanded innovative approaches to detection and mitigation, prompting the development of a hierarchical framework grounded in probabilistic cryptographic analysis. By focusing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Kevin Pekepok , Persephone Kirkwood , Esme Christopolous , Florence Braithwaite , Oliver Nightingale

Cybersecurity solutions have shown promising performance when detecting ransomware samples that use fixed algorithms and encryption rates. However, due to the current explosion of Artificial Intelligence (AI), sooner than later, ransomware…

Malware authors apply different techniques of control flow obfuscation, in order to create new malware variants to avoid detection. Existing Siamese neural network (SNN)-based malware detection methods fail to correctly classify different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Jinting Zhu , Julian Jang-Jaccard , Amardeep Singh , Paul A. Watters , Seyit Camtepe

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to optimization-based jailbreak attacks that exploit internal gradient structure. While Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) are widely used for interpretability, their robustness implications remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Ahson Saiyed , Sabrina Sadiekh , Chirag Agarwal

Detecting encryption-driven cyber threats remains a large challenge due to the evolving techniques employed to evade traditional detection mechanisms. An entropy-based computational framework was introduced to analyze multi-domain system…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Michael Mannon , Evan Statham , Quentin Featherstone , Sebastian Arkwright , Clive Fenwick , Gareth Willoughby

In the face of increasing cyber threats, particularly ransomware attacks, there is a pressing need for advanced detection and analysis systems that adapt to evolving malware behaviours. Throughout the literature, using machine learning (ML)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Jamil Ispahany , MD Rafiqul Islam , M. Arif Khan , MD Zahidul Islam

Malicious activities in cyberspace have gone further than simply hacking machines and spreading viruses. It has become a challenge for a nations survival and hence has evolved to cyber warfare. Malware is a key component of cyber-crime, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Muhammad Asam , Saddam Hussain Khan , Tauseef Jamal , Umme Zahoora , Asifullah Khan

Malware family classification remains a challenging task in automated malware analysis, particularly in real-world settings characterized by obfuscation, packing, and rapidly evolving threats. Existing machine learning and deep learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Samita Bai , Hamed Jelodar , Tochukwu Emmanuel Nwankwo , Parisa Hamedi , Mohammad Meymani , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ali A. Ghorbani

High-dimensional malware datasets often exhibit feature redundancy, instability, and scalability limitations, which hinder the effectiveness and interpretability of machine learning-based malware detection systems. Although feature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ajvad Haneef K , Karan Kuwar Singh , Madhu Kumar S D