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Graph representation learning has made major strides over the past decade. However, in many relational domains, the input data are not suited for simple graph representations as the relationships between entities go beyond pairwise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Balasubramaniam Srinivasan , Da Zheng , George Karypis

Despite the remarkable success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), the common belief is that their representation power is limited and that they are at most as expressive as the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) algorithm. In this paper, we argue the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Charilaos I. Kanatsoulis , Alejandro Ribeiro

We introduce Hyperdimensional Graph Learner (HDGL), a novel method for node classification and link prediction in graphs. HDGL maps node features into a very high-dimensional space (\textit{hyperdimensional} or HD space for short) using the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Abhishek Dalvi , Vasant Honavar

It has been shown that a message passing neural networks (MPNNs), a popular family of neural networks for graph-structured data, are at most as expressive as the first-order Weisfeiler-Leman (1-WL) graph isomorphism test, which has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Markus Zopf

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), despite achieving remarkable performance across different tasks, are theoretically bounded by the 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman test, resulting in limitations in terms of graph expressivity. Even though prior works on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Quang Truong , Peter Chin

The Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) dimension of a graph is a measure for the inherent descriptive complexity of the graph. While originally derived from a combinatorial graph isomorphism test called the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm, the WL dimension…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Martin Grohe , Sandra Kiefer

In recent years, Graph Neural Network (GNN) has bloomly progressed for its power in processing graph-based data. Most GNNs follow a message passing scheme, and their expressive power is mathematically limited by the discriminative ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Alan J. X. Guo , Qing-Hu Hou , Ou Wu

The expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has been studied extensively through the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) graph isomorphism test. However, standard GNNs and the WL framework are inapplicable for geometric graphs embedded in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Chaitanya K. Joshi , Cristian Bodnar , Simon V. Mathis , Taco Cohen , Pietro Liò

Graph neural network (GNN) has gained increasing popularity in recent years owing to its capability and flexibility in modeling complex graph structure data. Among all graph learning methods, hypergraph learning is a technique for exploring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Tiehua Zhang , Yuze Liu , Zhishu Shen , Xingjun Ma , Peng Qi , Zhijun Ding , Jiong Jin

The Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) algorithm is a combinatorial procedure that computes colorings on graphs, which can often be used to detect their (non-)isomorphism. Particularly the 1- and 2-dimensional versions 1-WL and 2-WL have received much…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Sandra Kiefer , Daniel Neuen

Complex systems, such as economic, social, biological, and ecological systems, usually feature interactions not only between pairwise entities but also among three or more entities. These multi-entity interactions are known as higher-order…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-06-06 Junhap Bian , Tao Zhou , Yilin Bi

In this paper, we present a hypergraph neural networks (HGNN) framework for data representation learning, which can encode high-order data correlation in a hypergraph structure. Confronting the challenges of learning representation for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Yifan Feng , Haoxuan You , Zizhao Zhang , Rongrong Ji , Yue Gao

Graph neural network architectures aligned with the $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler--Leman ($k$-WL) hierarchy offer theoretically well-understood expressive power. However, these architectures often fail to deliver state-of-the-art predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Luis Müller , Christopher Morris

In real-world networks, predicting the weight (strength) of links is as crucial as predicting the existence of the links themselves. Previous studies have primarily used shallow graph features for link weight prediction, limiting the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Jinbi Liang , Cunlai Pu , Xiangbo Shu , Yongxiang Xia , Chengyi Xia

We propose a Graph Neural Network with greater expressive power than commonly used GNNs - not constrained to only differentiate between graphs that Weisfeiler-Lehman test recognizes to be non-isomorphic. We use a graph attention network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Stanisław Purgał

Hypergraph, an expressive structure with flexibility to model the higher-order correlations among entities, has recently attracted increasing attention from various research domains. Despite the success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Jing Huang , Jie Yang

Hypergraph offers a framework to depict the multilateral relationships in real-world complex data. Predicting higher-order relationships, i.e hyperedge, becomes a fundamental problem for the full understanding of complicated interactions.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Changlin Wan , Muhan Zhang , Wei Hao , Sha Cao , Pan Li , Chi Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used to compute representations of node pairs for downstream tasks such as link prediction. Yet, theoretical understanding of their expressive power has focused almost entirely on graph-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Veronica Lachi , Francesco Ferrini , Antonio Longa , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini , Manfred Jaeger

Graph neural networks have been widely used on modeling graph data, achieving impressive results on node classification and link prediction tasks. Yet, obtaining an accurate representation for a graph further requires a pooling function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Jinheon Baek , Minki Kang , Sung Ju Hwang

Despite significant advances in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), their limited expressivity remains a fundamental challenge. Research on GNN expressivity has produced many expressive architectures, leading to architecture hierarchies with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yam Eitan , Moshe Eliasof , Yoav Gelberg , Fabrizio Frasca , Guy Bar-Shalom , Haggai Maron