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Knowledge retrieval with multi-modal queries plays a crucial role in supporting knowledge-intensive multi-modal applications. However, existing methods face challenges in terms of their effectiveness and training efficiency, especially when…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xinwei Long , Jiali Zeng , Fandong Meng , Zhiyuan Ma , Kaiyan Zhang , Bowen Zhou , Jie Zhou

Generative cross-modal retrieval, which treats retrieval as a generation task, has emerged as a promising direction with the rise of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). In this setting, the model responds to a text query by generating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Tianyuan Li , Lei Wang , Ahtamjan Ahmat , Yating Yang , Bo Ma , Rui Dong , Bangju Han

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong cross-modal reasoning capabilities, yet their potential for vision-only tasks remains underexplored. We investigate MLLMs as training-free similarity estimators for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Bahey Tharwat , Giorgos Kordopatis-Zilos , Pavel Suma , Ian Reid , Giorgos Tolias

Textual-visual cross-modal retrieval has been a hot research topic in both computer vision and natural language processing communities. Learning appropriate representations for multi-modal data is crucial for the cross-modal retrieval…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Jiuxiang Gu , Jianfei Cai , Shafiq Joty , Li Niu , Gang Wang

In recent years, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in tasks like visual question answering and common sense reasoning, while visual perception models have made significant strides in perception…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Guanqun Wang , Xinyu Wei , Jiaming Liu , Ray Zhang , Yichi Zhang , Kevin Zhang , Maurice Chong , Shanghang Zhang

We propose a method to fuse frozen text-only large language models (LLMs) with pre-trained image encoder and decoder models, by mapping between their embedding spaces. Our model demonstrates a wide suite of multimodal capabilities: image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jing Yu Koh , Daniel Fried , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

In this paper, we rethink sparse lexical representations for image retrieval. By utilizing multi-modal large language models (M-LLMs) that support visual prompting, we can extract image features and convert them into textual data, enabling…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Kengo Nakata , Daisuke Miyashita , Youyang Ng , Yasuto Hoshi , Jun Deguchi

In recent times, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been trained under two predominant paradigms. Generative training has enabled Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to tackle various complex tasks, yet issues such as hallucinations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Wei Chow , Juncheng Li , Qifan Yu , Kaihang Pan , Hao Fei , Zhiqi Ge , Shuai Yang , Siliang Tang , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun

Continual learning is essential for medical image classification systems to adapt to dynamically evolving clinical environments. The integration of multimodal information can significantly enhance continual learning of image classes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Jiantao Tan , Peixian Ma , Kanghao Chen , Zhiming Dai , Ruixuan Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) with unified architectures excel across a wide range of vision-language tasks, yet aligning them with personalized image generation remains a significant challenge. Existing methods for MLLMs are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Qian Liang , Yujia Wu , Kuncheng Li , Jiwei Wei , Shiyuan He , Jinyu Guo , Ning Xie

Generative large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities, which can be further augmented by integrating a pre-trained vision model into the original LLM to create a multimodal LLM (MLLM). However, this integration often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Shikhar Srivastava , Md Yousuf Harun , Robik Shrestha , Christopher Kanan

Cross-modal retrieval (CMR) is a fundamental task in multimedia research, focused on retrieving semantically relevant targets across different modalities. While traditional CMR methods match text and image via embedding-based similarity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Haoxuan Li , Yi Bin , Yunshan Ma , Guoqing Wang , Yang Yang , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

In recent years, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides by training on vast high-quality image-text datasets, enabling them to generally understand images well. However, the inherent difficulty in explicitly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Yuanze Lin , Yunsheng Li , Dongdong Chen , Weijian Xu , Ronald Clark , Philip Torr , Lu Yuan

This survey and application guide to multimodal large language models(MLLMs) explores the rapidly developing field of MLLMs, examining their architectures, applications, and impact on AI and Generative Models. Starting with foundational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Chia Xin Liang , Pu Tian , Caitlyn Heqi Yin , Yao Yua , Wei An-Hou , Li Ming , Xinyuan Song , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Ming Liu

The recent advancements in auto-regressive multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising progress for vision-language tasks. While there exists a variety of studies investigating the processing of linguistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Zhi Zhang , Srishti Yadav , Fengze Han , Ekaterina Shutova

Recent works have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) could empower traditional neuro-symbolic models via programming capabilities to translate language into module descriptions, thus achieving strong visual reasoning results while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhenfang Chen , Rui Sun , Wenjun Liu , Yining Hong , Chuang Gan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable success in comprehension tasks such as visual description and visual question answering. However, their direct application to embedding-based tasks like retrieval remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Lihao Liu , Yan Wang , Biao Yang , Da Li , Jiangxia Cao , Yuxiao Luo , Xiang Chen , Xiangyu Wu , Wei Yuan , Fan Yang , Guiguang Ding , Tingting Gao , Guorui Zhou

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in processing and generating content across multiple data modalities. However, a significant drawback of MLLMs is their reliance on static training data,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Zhanpeng Chen , Chengjin Xu , Yiyan Qi , Jian Guo

Multimodal information retrieval (MMIR) has gained attention for its flexibility in handling text, images, or mixed queries and candidates. Recent breakthroughs in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) boost MMIR performance by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Dawei Su , Dongsheng Wang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) equip pre-trained large-language models (LLMs) with visual capabilities. While textual prompting in LLMs has been widely studied, visual prompting has emerged for more fine-grained and free-form…

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