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Small Language Models (SLMs) have gained substantial attention due to their ability to execute diverse language tasks successfully while using fewer computer resources. These models are particularly ideal for deployment in limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Tanjil Hasan Sakib , Md. Tanzib Hosain , Md. Kishor Morol

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is an effective method to drastically reduce the memory footprint of LLMs while keeping performance degradation at an acceptable level. However, the optimal choice of quantization format and bit-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sohir Maskey , Constantin Eichenberg , Johannes Messner , Douglas Orr

State-space models (SSMs) have recently gained attention in deep learning for their ability to efficiently model long-range dependencies, making them promising candidates for edge-AI applications. In this paper, we analyze the effects of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Leo Zhao , Tristan Torchet , Melika Payvand , Laura Kriener , Filippo Moro

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of language tasks, but their deployment on edge devices remains challenging due to the substantial memory requirements imposed by their large parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Zihan Chen , Bike Xie , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

While small language models (SLMs) show promises for mobile deployment, their real-world performance and applications on smartphones remains underexplored. We present SlimLM, a series of SLMs optimized for document assistance tasks on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Thang M. Pham , Phat T. Nguyen , Seunghyun Yoon , Viet Dac Lai , Franck Dernoncourt , Trung Bui

Weight quantization is used to deploy high-performance deep learning models on resource-limited hardware, enabling the use of low-precision integers for storage and computation. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) share the goal of enhancing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Sreyes Venkatesh , Razvan Marinescu , Jason K. Eshraghian

Deploying Small Language Models (SLMs) on edge platforms is critical for real-time, privacy-sensitive generative AI, yet constrained by memory, latency, and energy budgets. Quantization reduces model size and cost but suffers from device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Jangseon Park , Onat Gungor , Flavio Ponzina , Tajana Rosing

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is essential for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on memory-constrained devices, yet it renders models static and difficult to fine-tune. Standard fine-tuning paradigms, including Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yinggan Xu , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

With the rising popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been an increasing interest in compression techniques that enable their efficient deployment. This study focuses on the Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) of LLMs. Drawing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-04 Kayhan Behdin , Ayan Acharya , Aman Gupta , Qingquan Song , Siyu Zhu , Sathiya Keerthi , Rahul Mazumder

Large language models (LLM) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. However, their substantial parameter sizes pose significant challenges for deployment on edge devices with limited computational and memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yu-Chen Lu , Sheng-Feng Yu , Hui-Hsien Weng , Pei-Shuo Wang , Yu-Fang Hu , Liang Hung-Chun , Hung-Yueh Chiang , Kai-Chiang Wu

Despite the proliferation of diverse hardware accelerators (e.g., NPU, TPU, DPU), deploying deep learning models on edge devices with fixed-point hardware is still challenging due to complex model quantization and conversion. Existing model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Manasa Manohara , Sankalp Dayal , Tariq Afzal , Rahul Bakshi , Kahkuen Fu

We reveal that low-bit quantization favors undertrained large language models (LLMs) by observing that models with larger sizes or fewer training tokens experience less quantization-induced degradation (QiD) when applying low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xu Ouyang , Tao Ge , Thomas Hartvigsen , Zhisong Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

The Large Language Model (LLM) is widely employed for tasks such as intelligent assistants, text summarization, translation, and multi-modality on mobile phones. However, the current methods for on-device LLM deployment maintain slow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Luchang Li , Sheng Qian , Jie Lu , Lunxi Yuan , Rui Wang , Qin Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in language-related tasks, but their deployment poses significant challenges due to substantial memory and storage requirements. Weight-only quantization has emerged as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Wenhua Cheng , Weiwei Zhang , Haihao Shen , Yiyang Cai , Xin He , Kaokao Lv , Yi Liu

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable results for a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models for inference has been a significant challenge due to their unprecedented resource requirements. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sehoon Kim , Coleman Hooper , Amir Gholami , Zhen Dong , Xiuyu Li , Sheng Shen , Michael W. Mahoney , Kurt Keutzer

Large language models (LLMs) show impressive performance in solving complex language tasks. However, its large number of parameters presents significant challenges for the deployment. So, compressing LLMs to low bits can enable to deploy on…

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in diverse applications but suffer inefficiency due to massive scale. While quantization reduces computational costs, existing methods degrade accuracy in medium-sized LLMs (e.g., Llama-3-8B) due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yuxuan Hu , Xiaodong Chen , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen , Jing Zhang

In edge-cloud speculative decoding (SD), edge devices equipped with small language models (SLMs) generate draft tokens that are verified by large language models (LLMs) in the cloud. A key bottleneck in such systems is the limited…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Guangyi Zhang , Yunlong Cai , Guanding Yu , Petar Popovski , Osvaldo Simeone

Large language models can be quantized to reduce inference time latency, model size, and energy consumption, thereby delivering a better user experience at lower cost. A challenge exists to deliver quantized models with minimal loss of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Steven K. Esser , Jeffrey L. McKinstry , Deepika Bablani , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Dharmendra S. Modha

Large Language Models (LLMs) with multimodal capabilities have revolutionized vision-language tasks, but their deployment often requires huge memory and computational resources. While post-training quantization (PTQ) has successfully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shubhang Bhatnagar , Andy Xu , Kar-Han Tan , Narendra Ahuja
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