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Program-of-Thought (PoT), which aims to use programming language instead of natural language as an intermediate step in reasoning, is an important way for LLMs to solve mathematical problems. Since different programming languages excel in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Nianqi Li , Zujie Liang , Siyu Yuan , Jiaqing Liang , Feng Wei , Yanghua Xiao

Multi-step reasoning is essential for large language models (LLMs), yet multilingual performance remains challenging. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning, it struggles with non-English languages due to the entanglement…

Recently, there has been significant progress in teaching language models to perform step-by-step reasoning to solve complex numerical reasoning tasks. Chain-of-thoughts prompting (CoT) is by far the state-of-art method for these tasks. CoT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Wenhu Chen , Xueguang Ma , Xinyi Wang , William W. Cohen

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) plays a crucial role in reasoning for math problem solving. We conduct a comprehensive examination of methods for designing CoT, comparing conventional natural language CoT with various program CoTs, including the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Zhanming Jie , Trung Quoc Luong , Xinbo Zhang , Xiaoran Jin , Hang Li

Large language models (LLMs) struggle with complex, long-horizon reasoning due to instability caused by their frozen policy assumption. Current test-time scaling methods treat execution feedback merely as an external signal for filtering or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zhengbo Jiao , Hongyu Xian , Qinglong Wang , Yunpu Ma , Zhebo Wang , Zifan Zhang , Dezhang Kong , Meng Han

Program-of-Thought (PoT) replaces natural language-based Chain-of-Thought (CoT) as the most popular method in Large Language Models (LLMs) mathematical reasoning tasks by utilizing external tool calls to circumvent computational errors.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Long Li , Xuzheng He , Haozhe Wang , Linlin Wang , Liang He

Large language models (LLMs) with Chain-of-thought (CoT) have recently emerged as a powerful technique for eliciting reasoning to improve various downstream tasks. As most research mainly focuses on English, with few explorations in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Huiyuan Lai , Malvina Nissim

With the rapid development of code intelligence, the application of multiple programming languages is becoming increasingly widespread. However, most existing code generation models mainly focus on a single or a few programming languages,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Naizhu Jin , Zhong Li , Tian Zhang , Qingkai Zeng

Personalization is well studied in search and recommendation, but personalized question answering remains underexplored due to challenges in inferring preferences from long, noisy, implicit contexts and generating responses that are both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Alireza Salemi , Cheng Li , Mingyang Zhang , Qiaozhu Mei , Zhuowan Li , Spurthi Amba Hombaiah , Weize Kong , Tao Chen , Hamed Zamani , Michael Bendersky

Intermediate step methodologies like chain of thoughts (COT) have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on code generation. This study explores the utilization of intermediate languages,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Xun Deng , Sicheng Zhong , Honghua Dong , Jingyu Hu , Sidi Mohamed Beillahi , Xujie Si , Fan Long

Reasoning methods, best exemplified by the well-known Chain-of-Thought (CoT), empower the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by eliciting them to solve complex tasks in a step-by-step manner. Although they are achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Leonardo Ranaldi , Giulia Pucci , Federico Ranaldi , Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

Large reasoning models (LRMs) increasingly rely on step-by-step Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to improve task performance, particularly in high-resource languages such as English. While recent work has examined final-answer accuracy in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Raoyuan Zhao , Yihong Liu , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and Program-Aided Language Models (PAL) represent two distinct reasoning methods, each with its own strengths. CoT employs natural language, offering flexibility and interpretability, while PAL utilizes programming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 James Xu Zhao , Yuxi Xie , Kenji Kawaguchi , Junxian He , Michael Qizhe Xie

Reasoning over natural language is a long-standing goal for the research community. However, studies have shown that existing language models are inadequate in reasoning. To address the issue, we present POET, a novel reasoning pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Xinyu Pi , Qian Liu , Bei Chen , Morteza Ziyadi , Zeqi Lin , Qiang Fu , Yan Gao , Jian-Guang Lou , Weizhu Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance on various reasoning tasks. To further improve the performance, we propose MultiTool-CoT, a novel framework that leverages chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting to incorporate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Tatsuro Inaba , Hirokazu Kiyomaru , Fei Cheng , Sadao Kurohashi

Although large language models (LLMs) have achieved excellent performance in a variety of evaluation benchmarks, they still struggle in complex reasoning tasks which require specific knowledge and multi-hop reasoning. To improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhipeng Chen , Kun Zhou , Beichen Zhang , Zheng Gong , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting boosts Language Models' (LM) performance on a gamut of complex reasoning tasks, the generated reasoning chain does not necessarily reflect how the model arrives at the answer (aka. faithfulness). We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Qing Lyu , Shreya Havaldar , Adam Stein , Li Zhang , Delip Rao , Eric Wong , Marianna Apidianaki , Chris Callison-Burch

Recently, substantial advancements have been made in training language models to carry out step-by-step reasoning for solving intricate numerical reasoning tasks. Beyond the methods used to solve these problems, the structure and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yu Zhang , Shujun Peng , Nengwu Wu , Xinhan Lin , Yang Hu , Jie Tang

Chain-of-thought (COT) prompting can help large language models (LLMs) reason toward correct answers, but its efficacy in reasoning toward incorrect answers is unexplored. This process of elimination (PoE), when used with COT, can enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Nishant Balepur , Shramay Palta , Rachel Rudinger

The recent development of chain-of-thought (CoT) decoding has enabled large language models (LLMs) to generate explicit logical reasoning paths for complex problem-solving. However, research indicates that these paths are not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xuan Zhang , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Qian Liu , Wei Gao , Min Lin
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