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Label smoothing (LS) is a popular regularisation method for training neural networks as it is effective in improving test accuracy and is simple to implement. ``Hard'' one-hot labels are ``smoothed'' by uniformly distributing probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Guoxuan Xia , Olivier Laurent , Gianni Franchi , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Fire is characterized by its sudden onset and destructive power, making early fire detection crucial for ensuring human safety and protecting property. With the advancement of deep learning, the application of computer vision in fire…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Ziqi Zhang , Xiuzhuang Zhou , Xiangyang Gong

The prediction accuracy of machine learning methods is steadily increasing, but the calibration of their uncertainty predictions poses a significant challenge. Numerous works focus on obtaining well-calibrated predictive models, but less is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-07 Donghwan Lee , Xinmeng Huang , Hamed Hassani , Edgar Dobriban

Reliable probabilities are critical in high-risk applications, yet common calibration criteria (confidence, class-wise) are only necessary for full distributional calibration, and post-hoc methods often lack distribution-free guarantees. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-17 Daniil Kazantsev , Mohsen Guizani , Eric Moulines , Maxim Panov , Nikita Kotelevskii

Multi-class classification methods that produce sets of probabilistic classifiers, such as ensemble learning methods, are able to model aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. Aleatoric uncertainty is then typically quantified via the Bayes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-20 Thomas Mortier , Viktor Bengs , Eyke Hüllermeier , Stijn Luca , Willem Waegeman

Despite their incredible performance, it is well reported that deep neural networks tend to be overoptimistic about their prediction confidence. Finding effective and efficient calibration methods for neural networks is therefore an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Lucas Clarté , Bruno Loureiro , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová

Calibration$\unicode{x2014}$the problem of ensuring that predicted probabilities align with observed class frequencies$\unicode{x2014}$is a basic desideratum for reliable prediction with machine learning systems. Calibration error is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-02 Eugène Berta , Sacha Braun , David Holzmüller , Francis Bach , Michael I. Jordan

Deep Learning methods are known to suffer from calibration issues: they typically produce over-confident estimates. These problems are exacerbated in the low data regime. Although the calibration of probabilistic models is well studied,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-30 Rahul Rahaman , Alexandre H. Thiery

This paper introduces Fast Calibrated Explanations, a method designed for generating rapid, uncertainty-aware explanations for machine learning models. By incorporating perturbation techniques from ConformaSight - a global explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Tuwe Löfström , Fatima Rabia Yapicioglu , Alessandra Stramiglio , Helena Löfström , Fabio Vitali

Probabilistic classifiers output a probability distribution on target classes rather than just a class prediction. Besides providing a clear separation of prediction and decision making, the main advantage of probabilistic models is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Juozas Vaicenavicius , David Widmann , Carl Andersson , Fredrik Lindsten , Jacob Roll , Thomas B. Schön

Confidence calibration has been dominated by the Expected Calibration Error (ECE), a linear metric that counts calibration offset equally regardless of the confidence level at which it occurs. We show that ECE can remain small even under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Fernando Martin-Maroto , Nabil Abderrahaman , Gonzalo G. de Polavieja

Calibration allows predictions to be reliably interpreted as probabilities by decision makers. We propose a decision-theoretic calibration error, the Calibration Decision Loss (CDL), defined as the maximum improvement in decision payoff…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Lunjia Hu , Yifan Wu

For users to trust model predictions, they need to understand model outputs, particularly their confidence - calibration aims to adjust (calibrate) models' confidence to match expected accuracy. We argue that the traditional calibration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Chenglei Si , Chen Zhao , Sewon Min , Jordan Boyd-Graber

Confidence calibration is an emerging challenge in real-world decision systems based on foundations models when used for downstream vision classification tasks. Due to various reasons exposed, logit scores on the CLIP head remain large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Behraj Khan , Tahir Syed

Generating confidence calibrated outputs is of utmost importance for the applications of deep neural networks in safety-critical decision-making systems. The output of a neural network is a probability distribution where the scores are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Chihuang Liu , Joseph JaJa

In the face of dataset shift, model calibration plays a pivotal role in ensuring the reliability of machine learning systems. Calibration error (CE) is an indicator of the alignment between the predicted probabilities and the classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Teodora Popordanoska , Gorjan Radevski , Tinne Tuytelaars , Matthew B. Blaschko

Predictions are often probabilities; e.g., a prediction could be for precipitation tomorrow, but with only a 30% chance. Given such probabilistic predictions together with the actual outcomes, "reliability diagrams" help detect and diagnose…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-15 Imanol Arrieta-Ibarra , Paman Gujral , Jonathan Tannen , Mark Tygert , Cherie Xu

Predictive models that accurately emulate complex scientific processes can achieve exponential speed-ups over numerical simulators or experiments, and at the same time provide surrogates for improving the subsequent analysis. Consequently,…

A long noted difficulty when assessing the reliability (or calibration) of forecasting systems is that reliability, in general, is a hypothesis not about a finite dimensional parameter but about an entire functional relationship. A…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2020-12-09 Jochen Bröcker

We consider the identification of heterogeneous linear elastic moduli in the context of time-harmonic elastodynamics. This inverse problem is formulated as the minimization of the modified error in constitutive equation (MECE), an…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2018-12-11 Wilkins Aquino , Marc Bonnet