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Related papers: Multi-word Tokenization for Sequence Compression

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Large Language Models (LLMs) incur significant computational and memory costs when processing long prompts, as full self-attention scales quadratically with input length. Token compression aims to address this challenge by reducing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zihao Xu , John Harvill , Ziwei Fan , Yizhou Sun , Hao Ding , Hao Wang

Reasoning is critical for large language models (LLMs) to excel in a wide range of tasks. While methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning and enhance LLM performance by decomposing problems into intermediate steps, they also incur…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Tingxu Han , Zhenting Wang , Chunrong Fang , Shiyu Zhao , Shiqing Ma , Zhenyu Chen

Large language model (LLM) tokenizers act as structured compressors: by mapping text to discrete token sequences, they determine token count (and thus compute and context usage) and the statistical structure seen by downstream models.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Mete Erdogan , Abhiram Gorle , Shubham Chandak , Mert Pilanci , Tsachy Weissman

While modern Transformer-based language models (LMs) have achieved major success in multi-task generalization, they often struggle to capture long-range dependencies within their context window. This work introduces a novel approach using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Alok N. Shah , Khush Gupta , Keshav Ramji , Pratik Chaudhari

Using a vocabulary that is shared across languages is common practice in Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (MNMT). In addition to its simple design, shared tokens play an important role in positive knowledge transfer, assuming that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Di Wu , Christof Monz

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daiki Chijiwa , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Tomoya Ohba , Tamao Sakao , Susumu Takeuchi

The detection and normalization of temporal expressions is an important task and preprocessing step for many applications. However, prior work on normalization is rule-based, which severely limits the applicability in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Lukas Lange , Jannik Strötgen , Heike Adel , Dietrich Klakow

Existing work on prompt compression for Large Language Models (LLM) focuses on lossy methods that try to maximize the retention of semantic information that is relevant to downstream tasks while significantly reducing the sequence length.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 John Harvill , Ziwei Fan , Hao Wang , Luke Huan , Anoop Deoras , Yizhou Sun , Hao Ding

We propose a new model for multi-token prediction in transformers, aiming to enhance sampling efficiency without compromising accuracy. Motivated by recent work that predicts the probabilities of subsequent tokens using multiple heads, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Artem Basharin , Andrei Chertkov , Ivan Oseledets

Language models typically tokenize raw text into sequences of subword identifiers from a predefined vocabulary, a process inherently sensitive to typographical errors, length variations, and largely oblivious to the internal structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yekun Chai , Yewei Fang , Qiwei Peng , Xuhong Li

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied in various applications due to their astonishing capabilities. With advancements in technologies such as chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting and in-context learning (ICL), the prompts fed to LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

The assumption across nearly all language model (LM) tokenization schemes is that tokens should be subwords, i.e., contained within word boundaries. While providing a seemingly reasonable inductive bias, is this common practice limiting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Alisa Liu , Jonathan Hayase , Valentin Hofmann , Sewoong Oh , Noah A. Smith , Yejin Choi

Tokenization is the first step in training any Large Language Model (LLM), where the text is split into a sequence of tokens as per the model's fixed vocabulary. This tokenization in LLMs is different from the traditional tokenization in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Sachin Pawar , Manoj Apte , Kshitij Jadhav , Girish Keshav Palshikar , Nitin Ramrakhiyani

Subword tokenization introduces a computational layer in language models where many distinct token sequences decode to the same surface form and preserve meaning, yet induce different internal computations. Despite this non-uniqueness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Adrian Cosma , Stefan Ruseti , Emilian Radoi , Mihai Dascalu

As language models scale, their performance improves dramatically across a wide range of tasks, but so does their tendency to memorize and regurgitate parts of their training data verbatim. This tradeoff poses serious legal, ethical, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Parjanya Prajakta Prashant , Kaustubh Ponkshe , Babak Salimi

Relative to English, low-resource languages suffer from substantial tokenization premiums in modern LMs, meaning that it generally requires several times as many tokens to encode a sentence in a low-resource language than to encode the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Geoffrey Churchill , Steven Skiena

Large Language Models (LLMs) solve many reasoning tasks via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, but smaller models (about 7 to 8B parameters) still struggle with multi-step reasoning under tight compute and token budgets. Existing test time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sagnik Chatterjee , Atharva Patil , Sricharan Ramesh

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks. However, the truthfulness of their outputs is not guaranteed, and their tendency toward overconfidence further limits reliability. Uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Qi Cao , Andrew Gambardella , Takeshi Kojima , Yutaka Matsuo , Yusuke Iwasawa

In recent years, language models have become increasingly larger and more complex. However, the input representations for these models continue to rely on simple and greedy subword tokenization methods. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 David Samuel , Lilja Øvrelid

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) are propelling us toward artificial general intelligence with their remarkable emergent abilities and reasoning capabilities. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruihao Gong , Yang Yong , Shiqiao Gu , Yushi Huang , Chengtao Lv , Yunchen Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao