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Language models may memorize more than just facts, including entire chunks of texts seen during training. Fair use exemptions to copyright laws typically allow for limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Antonia Karamolegkou , Jiaang Li , Li Zhou , Anders Søgaard

Growing concerns regarding algorithmic fairness have led to a surge in methodologies to mitigate algorithmic bias. However, such methodologies largely assume that observed labels in training data are correct. This is problematic because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Yunyi Li , Maria De-Arteaga , Maytal Saar-Tsechansky

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on massive web-crawled corpora. This poses risks of leakage, including personal information, copyrighted texts, and benchmark datasets. Such leakage leads to undermining human trust in AI due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Masahiro Kaneko , Timothy Baldwin

When trained on large, unfiltered crawls from the internet, language models pick up and reproduce all kinds of undesirable biases that can be found in the data: they often generate racist, sexist, violent or otherwise toxic language. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Timo Schick , Sahana Udupa , Hinrich Schütze

With the increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) into open-domain writing, detecting machine-generated text has become a critical task for ensuring content authenticity and trust. Existing approaches rely on statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Siyuan Li , Aodu Wulianghai , Xi Lin , Guangyan Li , Xiang Chen , Jun Wu , Jianhua Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly gaining enormous popularity in recent years. However, the training of LLMs has raised significant privacy and legal concerns, particularly regarding the distillation and inclusion of copyrighted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-07 Yinpeng Cai , Lexin Li , Linjun Zhang

Despite recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation, the quality of LLM-generated code still faces significant challenges. One significant issue is code repetition, which refers to the model's tendency to generate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Mingwei Liu , Juntao Li , Ying Wang , Xueying Du , Zuoyu Ou , Qiuyuan Chen , Bingxu An , Zhao Wei , Yong Xu , Fangming Zou , Xin Peng , Yiling Lou

Large language models (LLMs) have opened up enormous opportunities while simultaneously posing ethical dilemmas. One of the major concerns is their ability to create text that closely mimics human writing, which can lead to potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Zhen Guo , Shangdi Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools for digital task assistance. Their training relies heavily on the collection of vast amounts of data, which may include copyright-protected or sensitive information. Recent studies on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sagiv Antebi , Edan Habler , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

Large Language Model (LLM) pre-training exhausts an ever growing compute budget, yet recent research has demonstrated that careful document selection enables comparable model quality with only a fraction of the FLOPs. Inspired by efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xiang Kong , Tom Gunter , Ruoming Pang

Large Language Models (LLMs) utilize extensive knowledge databases and show powerful text generation ability. However, their reliance on high-quality copyrighted datasets raises concerns about copyright infringements in generated texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Qichao Ma , Rui-Jie Zhu , Peiye Liu , Renye Yan , Fahong Zhang , Ling Liang , Meng Li , Zhaofei Yu , Zongwei Wang , Yimao Cai , Tiejun Huang

If we cannot inspect the training data of a large language model (LLM), how can we ever know what it has seen? We believe the most compelling evidence arises when the model itself freely reproduces the target content. As such, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 André V. Duarte , Xuying li , Bin Zeng , Arlindo L. Oliveira , Lei Li , Zhuo Li

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in multimodal reasoning tasks. However, their widespread accessibility raises critical concerns about potential copyright infringement. Will LVLMs accurately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Naen Xu , Jinghuai Zhang , Changjiang Li , Hengyu An , Chunyi Zhou , Jun Wang , Boyu Xu , Yuyuan Li , Tianyu Du , Shouling Ji

Detecting whether a given text is a member of the pre-training data of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for ensuring data privacy and copyright protection. Most existing methods rely on the LLM's hidden information (e.g., model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Ruihan Hu , Yu-Ming Shang , Jiankun Peng , Wei Luo , Yazhe Wang , Xi Zhang

To achieve accurate and unbiased predictions, Machine Learning (ML) models rely on large, heterogeneous, and high-quality datasets. However, this could raise ethical and legal concerns regarding copyright and authorization aspects,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Daniela Gallo , Angelica Liguori , Ettore Ritacco , Luca Caviglione , Fabrizio Durante , Giuseppe Manco

Machine learning models trained on code and related artifacts offer valuable support for software maintenance but suffer from interpretability issues due to their complex internal variables. These concerns are particularly significant in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Vahid Majdinasab , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

Reliable data is a cornerstone of modern organizational systems. A notable data integrity challenge stems from label bias, which refers to systematic errors in a label, a covariate that is central to a quantitative analysis, such that its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Yunyi Li , Maria De-Arteaga , Maytal Saar-Tsechansky

A key component of generating text from modern language models (LM) is the selection and tuning of decoding algorithms. These algorithms determine how to generate text from the internal probability distribution generated by the LM. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Ali Naseh , Kalpesh Krishna , Mohit Iyyer , Amir Houmansadr

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong medical knowledge and can generate factually accurate responses. However, existing models often fail to account for individual patient contexts, producing answers that are clinically correct yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Po-Jen Ko , Chen-Han Tsai , Yu-Shao Peng

Current techniques for detecting AI-generated text are largely confined to manual feature crafting and supervised binary classification paradigms. These methodologies typically lead to performance bottlenecks and unsatisfactory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xun Guo , Shan Zhang , Yongxin He , Ting Zhang , Wanquan Feng , Haibin Huang , Chongyang Ma