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Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) critically depends on real-time classical decoding, which is rapidly emerging as a system bottleneck. As quantum systems scale, decoding latency and throughput limitations lead to exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Jiahan Chen , Chenghong Zhu , Ge Bai , Xin Wang

We compare several quantum phase estimation (QPE) protocols intended for early fault-tolerant quantum computers (EFTQCs) in the context of models of their implementations on a surface code architecture. We estimate the logical and physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-04 Jacob S. Nelson , Andrew D. Baczewski

Measurement-free quantum error correction (MFQEC) offers an alternative to standard measurement-based QEC in platforms with an unconditional qubit reset gate. We revisit the question of fault tolerance (FT) for a measurement-free variant of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Michael A. Perlin , Vickram N. Premakumar , Jiakai Wang , Mark Saffman , Robert Joynt

Topological quantum codes are intrinsically fault-tolerant to local noise, and underlie the theory of topological phases of matter. We explore geometry to enhance the performance of topological quantum codes by rotating the four dimensional…

Many current quantum error-correcting codes that achieve full fault tolerance suffer from having low ratios of logical to physical qubits and significant overhead. This makes them difficult to implement on current noisy intermediate-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Christopher Gerhard , Todd A. Brun

We study the use of triorthogonal codes for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation and propose two methods to circumvent the Eastin-Knill theorem, which prohibits any single quantum error-correcting code from supporting both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-06 Dawei Jiao , Mahdi Bayanifar , Alexei Ashikhmin , Olav Tirkkonen

Quantum computing has made significant advancements in the last years in both hardware and software. Unfortunately, the currently available Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware is still heavily affected by noise. Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Tobias Forster , Nils Quetschlich , Robert Wille

We present a detailed description of an architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computation, which is based on the cluster model of encoded qubits. In this cluster-based architecture, concatenated computation is implemented in a quite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-30 Keisuke Fujii , Katsuji Yamamoto

Realizing large-scale quantum advantage is expected to require quantum error correction (QEC), making the compilation and optimization of logical operations a critical area of research. Logical computation imposes distinct constraints and…

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes store information reliably in logical qubits by encoding them in a larger number of less reliable qubits. The surface code, known for its high resilience to physical errors, is a leading candidate for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-13 Satvik Maurya , Swamit Tannu

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computing (NISQ) has dominated headlines in recent years, with the longer-term vision of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation (FTQC) offering significant potential albeit at currently intractable resource…

Quantum error correction is a cornerstone of reliable quantum computing, with surface codes emerging as a prominent method for protecting quantum information. Surface codes are efficient for Clifford gates but require magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Avimita Chatterjee , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh

It is a major challenge to perform addressable and parallel logical operations on constant-rate quantum LDPC (qLDPC) codes. Indeed, the overhead of targeting specific logical qubits represents a crucial bottleneck in many quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Louis Golowich , Kathleen Chang , Guanyu Zhu

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes offer a promising route to scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing due to their substantially reduced footprint. However, these gains can be diluted at utility scale if we cannot also realize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Willers Yang , Jason Chadwick , Mariesa H. Teo , Joshua Viszlai , Fred Chong

Early demonstrations of fault tolerant quantum systems have paved the way for logical-level compilation. For fault-tolerant applications to succeed, execution must finish with a low total program error rate (i.e., a low program failure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-19 Sayam Sethi , Sahil Khan , Maxwell Poster , Abhinav Anand , Jonathan Mark Baker

A quantitative assessment of the progress of small prototype quantum processors towards fault-tolerant quantum computation is a problem of current interest in experimental and theoretical quantum information science. We introduce a…

It is widely recognized that quantum computing has profound impacts on multiple fields, including but not limited to cryptography, machine learning, materials science, etc. To run quantum algorithms, it is essential to develop scalable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Linghang Kong , Fang Zhang , Jianxin Chen

Reliability is fundamental for developing large-scale quantum computers. Since the benefit of technological advancements to the qubit's stability is saturating, algorithmic solutions, such as quantum error correction (QEC) codes, are needed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Marzio Vallero , Gioele Casagranda , Flavio Vella , Paolo Rech

Whether it is at the fabrication stage or during the course of the quantum computation, e.g. because of high-energy events like cosmic rays, the qubits constituting an error correcting code may be rendered inoperable. Such defects may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Adam Siegel , Armands Strikis , Thomas Flatters , Simon Benjamin

We propose a fault-tolerant quantum computer architecture for trapped-ion devices, which we call the walking cat architecture. Our blueprint includes a compiler, a detailed description of all the quantum error-correction protocols, a…