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High-fidelity and rapid readout of a qubit state is key to quantum computing and communication, and it is a prerequisite for quantum error correction. We present a readout scheme for superconducting qubits that combines two microwave…

The performance of a wide range of quantum computing algorithms and protocols depends critically on the fidelity and speed of the employed qubit readout. Examples include gate sequences benefiting from mid-circuit, real-time,…

The accurate characterization of quantum systems is essential for the advancement of quantum technologies. In particular, certifying convex functions of quantum states plays a central role in many applications. We present a certification…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Leonardo Zambrano , Teodor Parella-Dilmé , Antonio Acín , Donato Farina

We study bifurcation measurement of a multi-level superconducting qubit using a nonlinear resonator biased in the straddling regime, where the resonator frequency sits between two qubit transition frequencies. We find that high-fidelity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-27 Maxime Boissonneault , J. M. Gambetta , A. Blais

Accurate and robust quantum process tomography (QPT) is crucial for verifying quantum gates and diagnosing implementation faults in experiments aimed at building universal quantum computers. However, the reliability of QPT protocols is…

Quantum processors require rapid and high-fidelity simultaneous measurements of many qubits. While superconducting qubits are among the leading modalities toward a useful quantum processor, their readout remains a bottleneck. Traditional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Robert Kent , Benjamin Lienhard , Gregory Lafyatis , Daniel J. Gauthier

Reconstructing the state of a complex quantum system represents a pivotal task for all quantum information applications, both for characterization purposes and for verification of quantum protocols. Recent technological developments have…

While relatively easy to engineer, static transverse coupling between a qubit and a cavity mode satisfies the criteria for a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement only if the coupling between the qubit and cavity is much less than their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-06 Bryan T. Gard , Kurt Jacobs , José Aumentado , Raymond W. Simmonds

Readout of superconducting qubits faces a trade-off between measurement speed and unwanted back-action on the qubit caused by the readout drive, such as $T_1$ degradation and leakage out of the computational subspace. The readout is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 S. Hazra , W. Dai , T. Connolly , P. D. Kurilovich , Z. Wang , L. Frunzio , M. H. Devoret

Using the retrodictive approach of quantum physics, we show that the state retrodicted from the response of a measurement apparatus is a convenient tool to fully characterize its quantum properties. We translate in terms of this state some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-01-12 Taoufik Amri , Julien Laurat , Claude Fabre

Advances in quantum mechanics have long underpinned metrology by enabling practical realizations of units through quantum effects. With the 2019 SI revision, traceability is anchored in defined fundamental constants, reinforcing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Nobu-Hisa Kaneko

The act of observing a quantum object fundamentally perturbs its state, resulting in a random walk toward an eigenstate of the measurement operator. Ideally, the measurement is responsible for all dephasing of the quantum state. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-14 F. Lecocq , L. Ranzani , G. A. Peterson , K. Cicak , X. Y. Jin , R. W. Simmonds , J. D. Teufel , J. Aumentado

Accurate noise characterization in quantum gates and circuits is vital for the development of reliable quantum simulations for chemically relevant systems and fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper reviews a variety of key…

Quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements improve sensitivity by evading measurement back-action. The technique was first proposed to detect mechanical oscillations in gravity wave detectors,and demonstrated in the measurement of optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-25 R. J. Sewell , M. Napolitano , N. Behbood , G. Colangelo , M. W. Mitchell

High-fidelity measurements are important for the physical implementation of quantum information protocols. Current methods for classifying measurement trajectories in superconducting qubit systems produce fidelities that are systematically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Easwar Magesan , Jay M. Gambetta , A. D. Córcoles , Jerry M. Chow

Quantum tomography is an essential method of the photonic technology toolbox and is routinely used for evaluation of experimentally prepared states of light and characterization of devices transforming such states. The tomography procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-18 Radim Hošák , Robert Stárek , Miroslav Ježek

Despite the significant progress in superconducting quantum computation over the past years, quantum state measurement still lags nearly an order of magnitude behind quantum gate operations in speed and fidelity. The main challenge is that…

Quantum measurements are a fundamental component of quantum computing. However, on modern-day quantum computers, measurements can be more error prone than quantum gates, and are susceptible to non-unital errors as well as non-local…

Measurements that occur within the internal layers of a quantum circuit -- mid-circuit measurements -- are an important quantum computing primitive, most notably for quantum error correction. Mid-circuit measurements have both classical and…

Single-shot readout is a key component for scalable quantum information processing. However, many solid-state qubits with favorable properties lack the single-shot readout capability. One solution is to use the repetitive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-30 Genyue Liu , Mo Chen , Yi-Xiang Liu , David Layden , Paola Cappellaro