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Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have rapidly penetrated into people's work and daily lives over the past few years, due to their extraordinary conversational skills and intelligence. ChatGPT has become the fastest-growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Wenxuan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have introduced substantial challenges to software quality assurance due to their generative, probabilistic, and open-ended nature, which intensifies the oracle problem and limits the applicability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zheng Zheng , Zenghui Zhou , Yinwang Xu , Daixu Ren , Tsong Yueh Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

This paper presents LLMBugScanner, a large language model (LLM) based framework for smart contract vulnerability detection using fine-tuning and ensemble learning. Smart contract auditing presents several challenges for LLMs: different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yining Yuan , Yifei Wang , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Sihao Hu , Ling Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are being used in many applications and prompts for these models are integrated into software applications as code-like artifacts. These prompts behave much like traditional software in that they take inputs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Reshabh K Sharma , Jonathan De Halleux , Shraddha Barke , Dan Grossman , Benjamin Zorn

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive zero-shot performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. Integrating various modality encoders further expands their capabilities, giving rise to Multimodal Large…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hao Cheng , Erjia Xiao , Jing Shao , Yichi Wang , Le Yang , Chao Shen , Philip Torr , Jindong Gu , Renjing Xu

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Existing large language model (LLM) evaluation benchmarks primarily focus on English, while current multilingual tasks lack parallel questions that specifically assess cross-linguistic reasoning abilities. This dual limitation makes it…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional progress in multiple domains of software engineering including software vulnerability detection. Using LLMs to automate vulnerability detection in the wild is an important and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Rijha Safdar , Danyail Mateen , Syed Taha Ali , Wajahat Hussain

Modern signal processing (SP) pipelines, whether model-based or data-driven, often constrained by complex and fragmented workflow, rely heavily on expert knowledge and manual engineering, and struggle with adaptability and generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Junlong Ke , Qiying Hu , Shenghai Yuan , Yuecong Xu , Jianfei Yang

Recently, leveraging large language models (LLMs) or multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for document understanding has been proven very promising. However, previous works that employ LLMs/MLLMs for document understanding have not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Chuwei Luo , Yufan Shen , Zhaoqing Zhu , Qi Zheng , Zhi Yu , Cong Yao

Going beyond simple text processing, financial auditing requires detecting semantic, structural, and numerical inconsistencies across large-scale disclosures. As financial reports are filed in XBRL, a structured XML format governed by…

Benchmarks establish a standardized evaluation framework to systematically assess the performance of large language models (LLMs), facilitating objective comparisons and driving advancements in the field. However, existing benchmarks fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Ziqian Zhang , Xingjian Hu , Yue Huang , Kai Zhang , Ruoxi Chen , Yixin Liu , Qingsong Wen , Kaidi Xu , Xiangliang Zhang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lichao Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their remarkable performance across various language understanding tasks. While emerging benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate LLMs in various domains such as mathematics and computer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Junnan Dong , Zijin Hong , Yuanchen Bei , Feiran Huang , Xinrun Wang , Xiao Huang

In an era defined by the explosive growth of data and rapid technological advancements, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) stand at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Designed to seamlessly integrate diverse data…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) mimic human perception and reasoning system by integrating powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) with various modality encoders (e.g., vision, audio), positioning LLMs as the "brain" and various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Jiaxing Huang , Jingyi Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their remarkable capabilities in diverse domains, encompassing natural language understanding, translation, and even code generation. The potential for LLMs to generate harmful content is a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Mingke Yang , Yuqi Chen , Yi Liu , Ling Shi

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming useful in many domains due to their impressive abilities that arise from large training datasets and large model sizes. However, research on LLM-based approaches to document inconsistency detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Nelvin Tan , Yaowen Zhang , James Asikin Cheung , Fusheng Liu , Yu-Ching Shih , Dong Yang

To handle ambiguous and open-ended requests, Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly trained to interact with users to surface intents they have not yet expressed (e.g., ask clarification questions). However, users are often ambiguous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tae Soo Kim , Yoonjoo Lee , Jaesang Yu , John Joon Young Chung , Juho Kim

Speech deepfake detection (SDD) focuses on identifying whether a given speech signal is genuine or has been synthetically generated. Existing audio large language model (LLM)-based methods excel in content understanding; however, their…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Xiaoxuan Guo , Yuankun Xie , Haonan Cheng , Jiayi Zhou , Jian Liu , Hengyan Huang , Long Ye , Qin Zhang