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Recent advances in code large language models (CodeLLMs) have made them indispensable tools in modern software engineering. However, these models occasionally produce outputs that contain proprietary or sensitive code snippets, raising…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Tianlin Li , Yunxiang Wei , Zhiming Li , Aishan Liu , Qing Guo , Xianglong Liu , Dongning Sun , Yang Liu

Code cloning, the duplication of code fragments, is common in software development. While some reuse aids productivity, excessive cloning hurts maintainability and introduces bugs. Hence, automatic code clone detection is vital. Meanwhile,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shihan Dou , Junjie Shan , Haoxiang Jia , Wenhao Deng , Zhiheng Xi , Wei He , Yueming Wu , Tao Gui , Yang Liu , Xuanjing Huang

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises critical concerns regarding the unauthorized inclusion of copyrighted content in training data. Existing detection frameworks, such as DE-COP, are computationally intensive, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Szczecina , Senan Gaffori , Edmond Li

The remarkable language ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) stems from extensive training on vast datasets, often including copyrighted material, which raises serious concerns about unauthorized use. While Membership Inference Attacks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Haodong Li , Jingqi Zhang , Xiao Cheng , Peihua Mai , Haoyu Wang , Yan Pang

Does the training of large language models potentially infringe upon code licenses? Furthermore, are there any datasets available that can be safely used for training these models without violating such licenses? In our study, we assess the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Jonathan Katzy , Răzvan-Mihai Popescu , Arie van Deursen , Maliheh Izadi

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) for code generation has raised serious concerns about intellectual property protection. Malicious users can exploit LLMs to produce paraphrased versions of proprietary code that closely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Shinwoo Park , Hyundong Jin , Jeong-won Cha , Yo-Sub Han

As large language models (LLMs) are trained on increasingly vast and opaque text corpora, determining which data contributed to training has become essential for copyright enforcement, compliance auditing, and user trust. While prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Pranav Shetty , Mirazul Haque , Zhiqiang Ma , Xiaomo Liu

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly capable, concerns over the unauthorized use of copyrighted and licensed content in their training data have grown, especially in the context of code. Open-source code, often protected by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yuanheng Li , Zhuoyang Chen , Xiaoyun Liu , Yuhao Wang , Mingwei Liu , Yang Shi , Kaifeng Huang , Shengjie Zhao

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized code generation, leading to widespread adoption of AI coding tools by developers. However, LLMs can generate license-protected code without providing the necessary license…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Weiwei Xu , Kai Gao , Hao He , Minghui Zhou

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) in software engineering (SE), with source code embeddings playing a crucial role in tasks such as source code clone detection and source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zixiang Xian , Chenhui Cui , Rubing Huang , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen

Pre-training, which utilizes extensive and varied datasets, is a critical factor in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs) across numerous applications. However, the detailed makeup of these datasets is often not disclosed, leading to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Haodong Li , Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Kailong Wang , Yuekang Li , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Guoai Xu , Guosheng Xu , Haoyu Wang

Code translation aims to convert source code from one programming language (PL) to another. Given the promising abilities of large language models (LLMs) in code synthesis, researchers are exploring their potential to automate code…

How can we verify whether copyrighted content was used to train a large vision-language model (VLM) without direct access to its training data? Motivated by the hypothesis that a VLM is able to recognize images from its training corpus, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 André V. Duarte , Xuandong Zhao , Arlindo L. Oliveira , Lei Li

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

Large Language Models (LLMs) and pre-trained Language Models (LMs) have achieved impressive success on many software engineering tasks (e.g., code completion and code generation). By leveraging huge existing code corpora (e.g., GitHub),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Xin Yin , Chao Ni , Xiaodan Xu , Xinrui Li , Xiaohu Yang

In the context of newly release software frameworks, large language models (LLMs) often exhibit poor performance and a high rate of hallucination, as they are not exposed to such environments during training. Although inference-time…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Guangsheng Ou , Qiming Zhang , Sirong Chen , Anji Li , Dong Xu , Tiancheng Luo , Dekun Dai , Cuiyun Gao , Long Wang , Jun Zhou , Mingwei Liu , Zibin Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various software engineering tasks, such as code generation and debugging, because of their ability to translate between programming languages and natural languages.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wenqing Zhu , Norihiro Yoshida , Eunjong Choi , Yutaka Matsubara , Hiroaki Takada

Owing to the rapid evolution of technologies and project requirements, organizations need to upgrade the code base in their software projects to a new version of the programming language or even translating to an entirely new one. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Jahnavi Kumar , Venkata Lakshmana Sasaank Janapati , Mokshith Reddy Tanguturi , Sridhar Chimalakonda

This research addresses the time-consuming and error-prone nature of manual code compliance checking in Building Information Modeling (BIM) by introducing a Large Language Model (LLM)-driven approach to semi-automate this critical process.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Soumya Madireddy , Lu Gao , Zia Din , Kinam Kim , Ahmed Senouci , Zhe Han , Yunpeng Zhang

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation has transformed software development by automating coding tasks with unprecedented efficiency. However, the training of these models on open-source code repositories…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wenjie Qu , Yuguang Zhou , Bo Wang , Yuexin Li , Lionel Z. Wang , Jinyuan Jia , Jiaheng Zhang
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