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Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) is a recently-developed variation of the long short-term memory (LSTM) unit, both of which are types of recurrent neural network (RNN). Through empirical evidence, both models have been proven to be effective in a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Abien Fred Agarap

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown clear superiority in sequence modeling, particularly the ones with gated units, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU). However, the dynamic properties behind the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Zhiyuan Tang , Ying Shi , Dong Wang , Yang Feng , Shiyue Zhang

Transformer-based models have gained significant traction in sequential recommender systems (SRSs) for their ability to capture user-item interactions effectively. However, these models often suffer from high computational costs and slow…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Sheng Zhang , Maolin Wang , Wanyu Wang , Jingtong Gao , Xiangyu Zhao , Yu Yang , Xuetao Wei , Zitao Liu , Tong Xu

Successful recurrent models such as long short-term memories (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units (GRUs) use ad hoc gating mechanisms. Empirically these models have been found to improve the learning of medium to long term temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Corentin Tallec , Yann Ollivier

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) has been successfully applied in many sequence learning problems. Such as handwriting recognition, image description, natural language processing and video motion analysis. After years of development,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-01 Guoqiang Zhong , Guohua Yue , Xiao Ling

Recurrent neural architectures such as LSTM and GRU remain widely used in sequence modeling, but they continue to face two core limitations: redundant gate-specific parameters and reduced ability to retain information across long temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Isaac Kofi Nti

The standard LSTM recurrent neural networks while very powerful in long-range dependency sequence applications have highly complex structure and relatively large (adaptive) parameters. In this work, we present empirical comparison between…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-01-13 Yuzhen Lu , Fathi M. Salem

The goal of this paper is to provide sufficient conditions for guaranteeing the Input-to-State Stability (ISS) and the Incremental Input-to-State Stability ({\delta}ISS) of Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) neural networks. These conditions,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-12 Fabio Bonassi , Marcello Farina , Riccardo Scattolini

Traffic flow prediction plays a crucial role in alleviating traffic congestion and enhancing transport efficiency. While combining graph convolution networks with recurrent neural networks for spatial-temporal modeling is a common strategy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Haiyang Liu , Chunjiang Zhu , Detian Zhang

In this paper, we present a novel approach to modeling long-term dependencies in sequential data by introducing a gated recurrent unit (GRU) with a weighted time-delay feedback mechanism. Our proposed model, named $\tau$-GRU, is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 N. Benjamin Erichson , Soon Hoe Lim , Michael W. Mahoney

Recurrent neural networks with a gating mechanism such as an LSTM or GRU are powerful tools to model sequential data. In the mechanism, a forget gate, which was introduced to control information flow in a hidden state in the RNN, has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-08 Kentaro Ohno , Atsutoshi Kumagai

We introduce the "inverse square root linear unit" (ISRLU) to speed up learning in deep neural networks. ISRLU has better performance than ELU but has many of the same benefits. ISRLU and ELU have similar curves and characteristics. Both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Brad Carlile , Guy Delamarter , Paul Kinney , Akiko Marti , Brian Whitney

The paper evaluates three variants of the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) in recurrent neural networks (RNN) by reducing parameters in the update and reset gates. We evaluate the three variant GRU models on MNIST and IMDB datasets and show that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-01-24 Rahul Dey , Fathi M. Salem

Plain recurrent networks greatly suffer from the vanishing gradient problem while Gated Neural Networks (GNNs) such as Long-short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) deliver promising results in many sequence learning tasks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Yuhuang Hu , Adrian Huber , Jithendar Anumula , Shih-Chii Liu

Spike-based temporal messaging enables SNNs to efficiently process both purely temporal and spatio-temporal time-series or event-driven data. Combining SNNs with Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), a variant of recurrent neural networks, gives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yesmine Abdennadher , Eleonora Cicciarella , Michele Rossi

Gated Linear Units (GLU) and their variants are widely adopted in modern open-source large language model architectures and consistently outperform their non-gated counterparts, yet the underlying reasons for this advantage remain unclear.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xingyu Lyu , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Peisong Wen , Qingming Huang

Owing to their superior modeling capabilities, gated Recurrent Neural Networks, such as Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), have become popular tools for learning dynamical systems. This paper aims to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Fabio Bonassi , Riccardo Scattolini

The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is a foundational activation function in artficial neural networks. Recent literature frequently misattributes its origin to the 2018 (initial) version of this paper, which exclusively investigated ReLU at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Abien Fred Agarap

There is growing interest in being able to run neural networks on sensors, wearables and internet-of-things (IoT) devices. However, the computational demands of neural networks make them difficult to deploy on resource-constrained edge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Justice Amoh , Kofi Odame

Gate functions in recurrent models, such as an LSTM and GRU, play a central role in learning various time scales in modeling time series data by using a bounded activation function. However, it is difficult to train gates to capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Kentaro Ohno , Sekitoshi Kanai , Yasutoshi Ida