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With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the safety of LLMs has become a critical concern. Despite significant efforts in safety alignment, current LLMs remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks. However, the root causes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yonghong Deng , Zhen Yang , Ping Jian , Xinyue Zhang , Zhongbin Guo , Chengzhi Li

Jailbreak attacks induce Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate harmful responses, posing severe misuse threats. Though research on jailbreak attacks and defenses is emerging, there is no consensus on evaluating jailbreaks, i.e., the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Delong Ran , Jinyuan Liu , Yichen Gong , Jingyi Zheng , Xinlei He , Tianshuo Cong , Anyu Wang

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly deployed, understanding the complexity and evolution of jailbreaking strategies is critical for AI safety. We present a mass-scale empirical analysis of jailbreak complexity across over 2…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aldan Creo , Raul Castro Fernandez , Manuel Cebrian

Recent advancements in Large Language Model (LLM) safety have primarily focused on mitigating attacks crafted in natural language or common ciphers (e.g. Base64), which are likely integrated into newer models' safety training. However, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Divij Handa , Zehua Zhang , Amir Saeidi , Shrinidhi Kumbhar , Md Nayem Uddin , Aswin RRV , Chitta Baral

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable when trained on datasets containing harmful content, which leads to potential jailbreaking attacks in two scenarios: the integration of harmful texts within crowdsourced data used for pre-training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Muchao Ye , Zhaohan Xi

Despite their superb capabilities, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been shown to be vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. While recent jailbreaks have achieved notable progress, their effectiveness and efficiency can still be improved. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yunhan Zhao , Xiang Zheng , Xingjun Ma

The recent breakthrough in large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has revolutionized production processes at an unprecedented pace. Alongside this progress also comes mounting concerns about LLMs' susceptibility to jailbreaking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Tianrong Zhang , Bochuan Cao , Yuanpu Cao , Lu Lin , Prasenjit Mitra , Jinghui Chen

Large Language Model (LLM) alignment aims to ensure that LLM outputs match with human values. Researchers have demonstrated the severity of alignment problems with a large spectrum of jailbreak techniques that can induce LLMs to produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Xiaolong Jin , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various applications, they are also susceptible to jailbreaking attacks. Several primary defense strategies have been proposed to protect LLMs from producing harmful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yichuan Mo , Yuji Wang , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have succeeded significantly in various applications but remain susceptible to adversarial jailbreaks that void their safety guardrails. Previous attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities often rely on high-cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xuan Li , Zhanke Zhou , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongwen Zhao , Yutong Ke , Kaizhu Huang

As the use of large language models (LLMs) continues to expand, ensuring their safety and robustness has become a critical challenge. In particular, jailbreak attacks that bypass built-in safety mechanisms are increasingly recognized as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Hajun Kim , Hyunsik Na , Daeseon Choi

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automatic judges for code evaluation is becoming increasingly prevalent in academic environments. But their reliability can be compromised by students who may employ adversarial prompting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Devanshu Sahoo , Vasudev Majhi , Arjun Neekhra , Yash Sinha , Murari Mandal , Dhruv Kumar

The robustness of large language models (LLMs) against adversarial manipulations, such as jailbreak attacks, remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose an approach that enhances the self-critique capability of the LLM and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Victor Gallego

As LLMs become more common, non-expert users can pose risks, prompting extensive research into jailbreak attacks. However, most existing black-box jailbreak attacks rely on hand-crafted heuristics or narrow search spaces, which limit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Zhen Sun , Zongmin Zhang , Deqi Liang , Han Sun , Yule Liu , Yun Shen , Xiangshan Gao , Yilong Yang , Shuai Liu , Yutao Yue , Xinlei He

Recent research on large language model (LLM) jailbreaks has primarily focused on techniques that bypass safety mechanisms to elicit overtly harmful outputs. However, such efforts often overlook attacks that exploit the model's capacity for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhaoxin Zhang , Borui Chen , Yiming Hu , Youyang Qu , Tianqing Zhu , Longxiang Gao

While significant attention has been dedicated to exploiting weaknesses in LLMs through jailbreaking attacks, there remains a paucity of effort in defending against these attacks. We point out a pivotal factor contributing to the success of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhexin Zhang , Junxiao Yang , Pei Ke , Fei Mi , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has brought impressive advancements across various tasks. However, despite these achievements, LLMs still pose inherent safety risks, especially in the context of jailbreak attacks. Most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Shi Lin , Hongming Yang , Rongchang Li , Xun Wang , Changting Lin , Wenpeng Xing , Meng Han

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), jailbreak attacks have become an increasingly pressing safety concern. While safety-aligned LLMs can effectively defend against normal harmful queries, they remain vulnerable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yu Li , Han Jiang , Zhihua Wei

Jailbreaks are adversarial attacks designed to bypass the built-in safety mechanisms of large language models. Automated jailbreaks typically optimize an adversarial suffix or adapt long prompt templates by forcing the model to generate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Raffaele Mura , Giorgio Piras , Kamilė Lukošiūtė , Maura Pintor , Amin Karbasi , Battista Biggio