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Large language models typically generate tokens autoregressively, using each token as input for the next. Recent work on Speculative Decoding has sought to accelerate this process by employing a smaller, faster draft model to more quickly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Bradley McDanel

In recent years, large language models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, deploying these models for real-world applications often requires efficient inference solutions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Ditto PS , Jithin VG , Adarsh MS

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant inference latency challenges stemming from their autoregressive design and large size. To address this, speculative decoding emerges as a solution, enabling the simultaneous generation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yinrong Hong , Zhiquan Tan , Kai Hu

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a smaller draft model to propose tokens, which are then verified by a larger target model. However, selecting an optimal speculation length is critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Aayush Gautam , Susav Shrestha , Narasimha Reddy

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, but their increasing parameter sizes significantly slow down inference. Speculative decoding mitigates this issue by leveraging a smaller draft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kuan-Wei Lu , Ding-Yong Hong , Pangfeng Liu , Jan-Jan Wu

We propose LLMA, an LLM accelerator to losslessly speed up Large Language Model (LLM) inference with references. LLMA is motivated by the observation that there are abundant identical text spans between the decoding result by an LLM and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Nan Yang , Tao Ge , Liang Wang , Binxing Jiao , Daxin Jiang , Linjun Yang , Rangan Majumder , Furu Wei

Speculative decoding is a standard method for accelerating the inference speed of large language models. However, scaling it for production environments poses several engineering challenges, including efficiently implementing different…

Speculative decoding has become the standard approach for accelerating Large Language Model (LLM) inference. It exploits a lossless draft-then-verify procedure to circumvent the latency of autoregressive decoding, achieving impressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jameson Sandler , Jacob K. Christopher , Thomas Hartvigsen , Ferdinando Fioretto

Speech generation models based on large language models (LLMs) typically operate on discrete acoustic codes, which differ fundamentally from text tokens due to their multicodebook structure. At each timestep, models must predict N codebook…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Roy Fejgin , Paarth Neekhara , Xuesong Yang , Edresson Casanova , Ryan Langman , Jaehyeon Kim , Subhankar Ghosh , Shehzeen Hussain , Jason Li

Diffusion-based large language models (Diffusion LLMs) have shown promise for non-autoregressive text generation with parallel decoding capabilities. However, the practical inference speed of open-sourced Diffusion LLMs often lags behind…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Chengyue Wu , Hao Zhang , Shuchen Xue , Zhijian Liu , Shizhe Diao , Ligeng Zhu , Ping Luo , Song Han , Enze Xie

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly powering Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) systems, enabling non-expert users to query industrial databases using natural language. While test-time scaling strategies have shown promise in LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiajing Guo , Kenil Patel , Jorge Piazentin Ono , Wenbin He , Liu Ren

Large language models deliver strong generative performance but at the cost of massive parameter counts, memory use, and decoding latency. Prior work has shown that pruning and structured sparsity can preserve accuracy under substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Andrew Kiruluta

Recent breakthroughs in solving reasoning, math and coding problems with Large Language Models (LLMs) have been enabled by investing substantial computation budgets at inference time. Therefore, inference speed is one of the most critical…

Massive parameters of LLMs have made inference latency a fundamental bottleneck. Speculative decoding represents a lossless approach to accelerate inference through a guess-and-verify paradigm. Some methods rely on additional architectures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xianzhen Luo , Yixuan Wang , Qingfu Zhu , Zhiming Zhang , Xuanyu Zhang , Qing Yang , Dongliang Xu

The emergence of long-context large language models (LLMs) offers a promising alternative to traditional retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for processing extensive documents. However, the computational overhead of long-context inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Guanzheng Chen , Qilong Feng , Jinjie Ni , Xin Li , Michael Qizhe Shieh

We introduce PaLM 2, a new state-of-the-art language model that has better multilingual and reasoning capabilities and is more compute-efficient than its predecessor PaLM. PaLM 2 is a Transformer-based model trained using a mixture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Rohan Anil , Andrew M. Dai , Orhan Firat , Melvin Johnson , Dmitry Lepikhin , Alexandre Passos , Siamak Shakeri , Emanuel Taropa , Paige Bailey , Zhifeng Chen , Eric Chu , Jonathan H. Clark , Laurent El Shafey , Yanping Huang , Kathy Meier-Hellstern , Gaurav Mishra , Erica Moreira , Mark Omernick , Kevin Robinson , Sebastian Ruder , Yi Tay , Kefan Xiao , Yuanzhong Xu , Yujing Zhang , Gustavo Hernandez Abrego , Junwhan Ahn , Jacob Austin , Paul Barham , Jan Botha , James Bradbury , Siddhartha Brahma , Kevin Brooks , Michele Catasta , Yong Cheng , Colin Cherry , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Aakanksha Chowdhery , Clément Crepy , Shachi Dave , Mostafa Dehghani , Sunipa Dev , Jacob Devlin , Mark Díaz , Nan Du , Ethan Dyer , Vlad Feinberg , Fangxiaoyu Feng , Vlad Fienber , Markus Freitag , Xavier Garcia , Sebastian Gehrmann , Lucas Gonzalez , Guy Gur-Ari , Steven Hand , Hadi Hashemi , Le Hou , Joshua Howland , Andrea Hu , Jeffrey Hui , Jeremy Hurwitz , Michael Isard , Abe Ittycheriah , Matthew Jagielski , Wenhao Jia , Kathleen Kenealy , Maxim Krikun , Sneha Kudugunta , Chang Lan , Katherine Lee , Benjamin Lee , Eric Li , Music Li , Wei Li , YaGuang Li , Jian Li , Hyeontaek Lim , Hanzhao Lin , Zhongtao Liu , Frederick Liu , Marcello Maggioni , Aroma Mahendru , Joshua Maynez , Vedant Misra , Maysam Moussalem , Zachary Nado , John Nham , Eric Ni , Andrew Nystrom , Alicia Parrish , Marie Pellat , Martin Polacek , Alex Polozov , Reiner Pope , Siyuan Qiao , Emily Reif , Bryan Richter , Parker Riley , Alex Castro Ros , Aurko Roy , Brennan Saeta , Rajkumar Samuel , Renee Shelby , Ambrose Slone , Daniel Smilkov , David R. So , Daniel Sohn , Simon Tokumine , Dasha Valter , Vijay Vasudevan , Kiran Vodrahalli , Xuezhi Wang , Pidong Wang , Zirui Wang , Tao Wang , John Wieting , Yuhuai Wu , Kelvin Xu , Yunhan Xu , Linting Xue , Pengcheng Yin , Jiahui Yu , Qiao Zhang , Steven Zheng , Ce Zheng , Weikang Zhou , Denny Zhou , Slav Petrov , Yonghui Wu

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from high inference latency due to the auto-regressive decoding process. Speculative decoding accelerates inference by generating multiple draft tokens using a lightweight model and verifying them in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Shiyu ji , Yuzhuang Xu , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Autoregressive sequence models based on deep neural networks, such as RNNs, Wavenet and the Transformer attain state-of-the-art results on many tasks. However, they are difficult to parallelize and are thus slow at processing long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Łukasz Kaiser , Aurko Roy , Ashish Vaswani , Niki Parmar , Samy Bengio , Jakob Uszkoreit , Noam Shazeer

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are emerging as a promising alternative to autoregressive models (ARMs) due to their ability to capture bidirectional context and the potential for parallel generation. Despite the advantages, dLLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zijian Zhu , Fei Ren , Zhanhong Tan , Kaisheng Ma

Efficient large-scale inference of transformer-based large language models (LLMs) remains a fundamental systems challenge, frequently requiring multi-GPU parallelism to meet stringent latency and throughput targets. Conventional tensor…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chong Wang , Nan Du , Tom Gunter , Tao Lei , Kulin Seth , Senyu Tong , Jianyu Wang , Guoli Yin , Xiyou Zhou , Kelvin Zou , Ruoming Pang
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