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Accumulated Local Effect (ALE) is a method for accurately estimating feature effects, overcoming fundamental failure modes of previously-existed methods, such as Partial Dependence Plots. However, ALE's approximation, i.e. the method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Vasilis Gkolemis , Theodore Dalamagas , Christos Diou

Global feature effect methods, such as partial dependence plots, provide an intelligible visualization of the expected marginal feature effect. However, such global feature effect methods can be misleading, as they do not represent local…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-18 Julia Herbinger , Marvin N. Wright , Thomas Nagler , Bernd Bischl , Giuseppe Casalicchio

A central challenge in analyzing multivariate interactions within complex systems is to decompose how multiple inputs jointly determine an output. Existing approaches generally operate on observed probability distributions and can conflate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Clifford Bohm , Vincent R. Ragusa , Arend Hintze , Charles Ofria , Emily Dolson , Christoph Adami

We consider a global representation of a regression or classification function by decomposing it into the sum of main and interaction components of arbitrary order. We propose a new identification constraint that allows for the extraction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Munir Hiabu , Joseph T. Meyer , Marvin N. Wright

Machine learning models can automatically learn complex relationships, such as non-linear and interaction effects. Interpretable machine learning methods such as partial dependence plots visualize marginal feature effects but may lead to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-16 Julia Herbinger , Bernd Bischl , Giuseppe Casalicchio

Models which estimate main effects of individual variables alongside interaction effects have an identifiability challenge: effects can be freely moved between main effects and interaction effects without changing the model prediction. This…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-05 Benjamin Lengerich , Sarah Tan , Chun-Hao Chang , Giles Hooker , Rich Caruana

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) is a principled and flexible method to unveil complex high-order interactions in multi-unit network systems. Though being defined exclusively for random variables, PID is ubiquitously applied to…

Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) is a model-agnostic approach for global explanations of the results of black-box machine learning (ML) algorithms. There are at least three challenges with conducting statistical inference based on ALE:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Chitu Okoli

PredDiff is a model-agnostic, local attribution method that is firmly rooted in probability theory. Its simple intuition is to measure prediction changes while marginalizing features. In this work, we clarify properties of PredDiff and its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Stefan Blücher , Johanna Vielhaben , Nils Strodthoff

Deploying machine learning models in safety-related do-mains (e.g. autonomous driving, medical diagnosis) demands for approaches that are explainable, robust against adversarial attacks and aware of the model uncertainty. Recent deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Jan Kronenberger , Anselm Haselhoff

Hazard and survival functions are natural, interpretable targets in time-to-event prediction, but their inherent non-additivity fundamentally limits standard additive explanation methods. We introduce Survival Functional Decomposition…

When fitting black box supervised learning models (e.g., complex trees, neural networks, boosted trees, random forests, nearest neighbors, local kernel-weighted methods, etc.), visualizing the main effects of the individual predictor…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-21 Daniel W. Apley , Jingyu Zhu

In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model with automatic relevance determination (ARD) for learning interpolative decomposition (ID), which is commonly used for low-rank approximation, feature selection, and identifying hidden…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Jun Lu

Obtaining meaningful quantitative descriptions of the statistical dependence within multivariate systems is a difficult open problem. Recently, the Partial Information Decomposition (PID) was proposed to decompose mutual information (MI)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Robin A. A. Ince

Given a binary treatment and a binary mediator, mediation analysis decomposes the total effect of the treatment on an outcome variable into direct and indirect effects. However, the existing decompositions are "path-dependent", and…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-14 Myoung-jae Lee

Mediation analysis serves as a crucial tool to obtain causal inference based on directed acyclic graphs, which has been widely employed in the areas of biomedical science, social science, epidemiology and psychology. Decomposition of total…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-14 Xin Gao , Li Li , Li Luo

Post-hoc model-agnostic interpretation methods such as partial dependence plots can be employed to interpret complex machine learning models. While these interpretation methods can be applied regardless of model complexity, they can produce…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-24 Christoph Molnar , Giuseppe Casalicchio , Bernd Bischl

Mechanistic interpretability aims to understand the internal mechanisms learned by neural networks. Despite recent progress toward this goal, it remains unclear how best to decompose neural network parameters into mechanistic components. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Dan Braun , Lucius Bushnaq , Stefan Heimersheim , Jake Mendel , Lee Sharkey

We offer a new approach to the information decomposition problem in information theory: given a 'target' random variable co-distributed with multiple 'source' variables, how can we decompose the mutual information into a sum of non-negative…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Nihat Ay , Daniel Polani , Nathaniel Virgo

Causality is a central topic in scientific inquiry, yet for complex systems, the identification and analysis of synergistic causation remain a challenging and fundamental problem. In the context of causal relations among multivariate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Mingzhe Yang , Shuo Wang , Jiang Zhang
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