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A central challenge in analyzing multivariate interactions within complex systems is to decompose how multiple inputs jointly determine an output. Existing approaches generally operate on observed probability distributions and can conflate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Clifford Bohm , Vincent R. Ragusa , Arend Hintze , Charles Ofria , Emily Dolson , Christoph Adami

The partial information decomposition (PID) is perhaps the leading proposal for resolving information shared between a set of sources and a target into redundant, synergistic, and unique constituents. Unfortunately, the PID framework has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-10-30 Ryan G. James , Jeffrey Emenheiser , James P. Crutchfield

Partial information decompositions (PIDs), which quantify information interactions between three or more variables in terms of uniqueness, redundancy and synergy, are gaining traction in many application domains. However, our understanding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Praveen Venkatesh , Keerthana Gurushankar , Gabriel Schamberg

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) seeks to disentangle how information about a target variable is distributed across multiple sources, separating redundant, unique, and synergistic contributions. Despite extensive theoretical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Philip Hendrik Matthias , Abdullah Makkeh , Michael Wibral , Aaron J. Gutknecht

Spuriousness arises when there is an association between two or more variables in a dataset that are not causally related. In this work, we propose an explainability framework to preemptively disentangle the nature of such spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Barproda Halder , Faisal Hamman , Pasan Dissanayake , Qiuyi Zhang , Ilia Sucholutsky , Sanghamitra Dutta

Selecting a minimal feature set that is maximally informative about a target variable is a central task in machine learning and statistics. Information theory provides a powerful framework for formulating feature selection algorithms --…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Patricia Wollstadt , Sebastian Schmitt , Michael Wibral

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) was proposed by Williams and Beer in 2010 as a tool for analyzing fine-grained interactions between multiple random variables, and has since found numerous applications ranging from neuroscience to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Aobo Lyu , Andrew Clark , Netanel Raviv

A reaction-coordinate--resolved information-theoretic analysis of chemical reactivity is developed using mutual information and partial information decomposition (PID). Along an intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), a local empirical…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Kyunghoon Han , Miguel Gallegos

The partial information decomposition (PID) is a promising framework for decomposing a joint random variable into the amount of influence each source variable Xi has on a target variable Y, relative to the other sources. For two sources,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Ryan G. James , Jeffrey Emenheiser , James P. Crutchfield

Complex systems, from the human brain to the global economy, are made of multiple elements that interact in such ways that the behaviour of the `whole' often seems to be more than what is readily explainable in terms of the `sum of the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-09-28 Pedro A. M. Mediano , Fernando E. Rosas , Andrea I Luppi , Robin L. Carhart-Harris , Daniel Bor , Anil K. Seth , Adam B. Barrett

Notwithstanding various attempts to construct a Partial Information Decomposition (PID) for multiple variables by defining synergistic, redundant, and unique information, there is no consensus on how one ought to precisely define either of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2023-06-07 Steven J. van Enk

Williams and Beer (2010) proposed a nonnegative mutual information decomposition, based on the construction of information gain lattices, which allows separating the information that a set of variables contains about another into components…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2017-04-05 Daniel Chicharro , Stefano Panzeri

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) has become one of the most prominent information-theoretic frameworks for describing the structure and quality of information in complex systems. Despite its widespread utility, there exists no unique…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Alberto Liardi , Keenan J. A. Down , George Blackburne , Matteo Neri , Pedro A. M. Mediano

We consider the formalism of information decomposition of target effects from multi-source interactions, i.e. the problem of defining redundant and synergistic components of the information that a set of source variables provides about a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-04-24 Daniele Marinazzo , Leonardo Angelini , Mario Pellicoro , Sebastiano Stramaglia

Describing statistical dependencies is foundational to empirical scientific research. For uncovering intricate and possibly non-linear dependencies between a single target variable and several source variables within a system, a principled…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-28 David A. Ehrlich , Kyle Schick-Poland , Abdullah Makkeh , Felix Lanfermann , Patricia Wollstadt , Michael Wibral

Distributed computation in artificial life and complex systems is often described in terms of component operations on information: information storage, transfer and modification. Information modification remains poorly described however,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-10 Joseph T. Lizier , Benjamin Flecker , Paul L. Williams

Conceptually, partial information decomposition (PID) is concerned with separating the information contributions several sources hold about a certain target by decomposing the corresponding joint mutual information into contributions such…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Kyle Schick-Poland , Abdullah Makkeh , Aaron J. Gutknecht , Patricia Wollstadt , Anja Sturm , Michael Wibral

In many neural systems anatomical motifs are present repeatedly, but despite their structural similarity they can serve very different tasks. A prime example for such a motif is the canonical microcircuit of six-layered neo-cortex, which is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-10-07 Michael Wibral , Viola Priesemann , Jim W. Kay , Joseph T. Lizier , William A. Phillips

The partial information decomposition (PID) and its extension integrated information decomposition ($\Phi$ID) are promising frameworks to investigate information phenomena involving multiple variables. An important limitation of these…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Abel Jansma , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Fernando E. Rosas

This brief note considers the problem of estimating temporal synergy and integrated information in dyadic dynamical processes. One of the standard estimators of dynamic synergy is based on the minimal mutual information between sets of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Thomas F. Varley