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Diffusion models have achieved great success in generating high-dimensional samples across various applications. While the theoretical guarantees for continuous-state diffusion models have been extensively studied, the convergence analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zikun Zhang , Zixiang Chen , Quanquan Gu

Diffusion models over discrete spaces have recently shown striking empirical success, yet their theoretical foundations remain incomplete. In this paper, we study the sampling efficiency of score-based discrete diffusion models under a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Daniil Dmitriev , Zhihan Huang , Yuting Wei

Discrete flow models offer a powerful framework for learning distributions over discrete state spaces and have demonstrated superior performance compared to the discrete diffusion models. However, their convergence properties and error…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Zhengyan Wan , Yidong Ouyang , Qiang Yao , Liyan Xie , Fang Fang , Hongyuan Zha , Guang Cheng

Continuous diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable performance in data generation across various domains, yet their efficiency remains constrained by two critical limitations: (1) the local adjacency structure of the forward Markov…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Xunpeng Huang , Yingyu Lin , Nikki Lijing Kuang , Hanze Dong , Difan Zou , Yian Ma , Tong Zhang

We provide the first complete continuous time framework for denoising diffusion models of discrete data. This is achieved by formulating the forward noising process and corresponding reverse time generative process as Continuous Time Markov…

Discrete diffusion models based on continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) have shown strong performance on language and discrete data generation, yet existing approaches typically parameterize the reverse rate matrix monolithically --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jingyuan Li , Xiaoyi Jiang , Fukang Wen , Wei Liu , Renqian Luo , Yi Zhu , Zuoqiang Shi , Pipi Hu

This paper introduces Discrete Markov Probabilistic Models (DMPMs), a novel discrete diffusion algorithm for discrete data generation. The algorithm operates in discrete bit space, where the noising process is a continuous-time Markov chain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-09 Le-Tuyet-Nhi Pham , Dario Shariatian , Antonio Ocello , Giovanni Conforti , Alain Durmus

Discrete diffusion models have emerged as powerful tools for high-quality data generation. Despite their success in discrete spaces, such as text generation tasks, the acceleration of discrete diffusion models remains under-explored. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zixiang Chen , Huizhuo Yuan , Yongqian Li , Yiwen Kou , Junkai Zhang , Quanquan Gu

In this paper we present a novel method for estimating the parameters of a parametric diffusion processes. Our approach is based on a closed-form Maximum Likelihood estimator for an approximating Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 J. L. Kirkby , Dang Nguyen , Duy Nguyen , Nhu Nguyen

Discrete state space diffusion models have shown significant advantages in applications involving discrete data, such as text and image generation. It has also been observed that their performance is highly sensitive to the choice of rate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Yuchen Liang , Renxiang Huang , Lifeng Lai , Ness Shroff , Yingbin Liang

While continuous diffusion models excel in modeling continuous distributions, their application to categorical data has been less effective. Recent work has shown that ratio-matching through score-entropy within a continuous-time discrete…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-09 Etrit Haxholli , Yeti Z. Gurbuz , Ogul Can , Eli Waxman

Although diffusion models now occupy a central place in generative modeling, introductory treatments commonly assume Euclidean data and seldom clarify their connection to discrete-state analogues. This article is a self-contained primer on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-05 Vincent Pauline , Tobias Höppe , Kirill Neklyudov , Alexander Tong , Stefan Bauer , Andrea Dittadi

Discrete diffusion models (DDMs) are a powerful class of generative models for categorical data, but they typically require many function evaluations for a single sample, making inference expensive. Existing acceleration methods either rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yansong Gao , Yu Sun

Discrete diffusion models, like continuous diffusion models, generate high-quality samples by gradually undoing noise applied to datapoints with a Markov process. Gradual generation in theory comes with many conceptual benefits; for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Alan N. Amin , Nate Gruver , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Diffusion models for continuous state spaces based on Gaussian noising processes are now relatively well understood from both practical and theoretical perspectives. In contrast, results for diffusion models on discrete state spaces remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Giovanni Conforti , Alain Durmus , Le-Tuyet-Nhi Pham , Gael Raoul

Mathematically modelling diffusive and advective transport of particles in heterogeneous layered media is important to many applications in computational, biological and medical physics. While deterministic continuum models of such…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-09-16 Elliot J. Carr

Discrete diffusion models have gained increasing attention for their ability to model complex distributions with tractable sampling and inference. However, the error analysis for discrete diffusion models remains less well-understood. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yinuo Ren , Haoxuan Chen , Grant M. Rotskoff , Lexing Ying

Denoising diffusion probabilistic models and score-matching models have proven to be very powerful for generative tasks. While these approaches have also been applied to the generation of discrete graphs, they have, so far, relied on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Kilian Konstantin Haefeli , Karolis Martinkus , Nathanaël Perraudin , Roger Wattenhofer

We present discrete-time approximation of optimal control policies for infinite horizon discounted/ergodic control problems for controlled diffusions in $\Rd$\,. In particular, our objective is to show near optimality of optimal policies…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-11 Somnath Pradhan , Serdar Yuksel

This paper presents a Markov-based system model for microfluidic molecular communication (MC) channels. By discretizing the advection-diffusion dynamics, the proposed model establishes a physically consistent state-space formulation. The…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ruifeng Zheng , Pengjie Zhou , Pit Hofmann , Fatima Rani , Juan A. Cabrera , Frank H. P. Fitzek
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