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As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world applications, scalable and rigorous safety evaluation is essential. This paper introduces Aymara AI, a programmatic platform for generating and administering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Juan Manuel Contreras

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly multilingual, yet open models continue to underperform relative to proprietary systems, with the gap most pronounced for African languages. Continued pre-training (CPT) offers a practical route…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hao Yu , Tianyi Xu , Michael A. Hedderich , Wassim Hamidouche , Syed Waqas Zamir , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

The advent of Multilingual Language Models (MLLMs) and Large Language Models has spawned innovation in many areas of natural language processing. Despite the exciting potential of this technology, its impact on developing high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Séamus Lankford , Haithem Afli , Andy Way

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being adopted across a wide range of tasks, including decision-making processes in industries where bias in AI systems is a significant concern. Recent research indicates that LLMs can harbor implicit biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Divyanshu Kumar , Umang Jain , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

We investigate a surprising limitation of LLMs: their inability to consistently generate text in a user's desired language. We create the Language Confusion Benchmark (LCB) to evaluate such failures, covering 15 typologically diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Kelly Marchisio , Wei-Yin Ko , Alexandre Bérard , Théo Dehaze , Sebastian Ruder

Multilingual language models often perform unevenly across different languages due to limited generalization capabilities for some languages. This issue is significant because of the growing interest in making universal language models that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Gürkan Soykan , Gözde Gül Şahin

Large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for global enterprise applications due to substantial performance gaps between high-resource and mid/low-resource languages, driven by English-centric pretraining and internal reasoning biases.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amit Agarwal , Hansa Meghwani , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Tao Sheng , Sujith Ravi , Dan Roth

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the latest research on multilingual large language models (MLLMs). MLLMs not only are able to understand and generate language across linguistic boundaries, but also represent an important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Shaolin Zhu , Supryadi , Shaoyang Xu , Haoran Sun , Leiyu Pan , Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Renren Jin , António Branco , Deyi Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for educational support, yet their response quality varies depending on the language of interaction. This paper presents an automated multilingual pipeline for generating, solving, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Mariam Mahran , Katharina Simbeck

Safeguard models help large language models (LLMs) detect and block harmful content, but most evaluations remain English-centric and overlook linguistic and cultural diversity. Existing multilingual safety benchmarks often rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Panuthep Tasawong , Jian Gang Ngui , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn , Peerat Limkonchotiwat

Large language models (LLMs) achieve high pass rates on code generation benchmarks, yet whether they can transfer this ability to languages absent from pretraining remains poorly understood. We introduce PyLang, a minimal imperative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Vinayshekhar Bannihatti Kumar , Disha Makhija , Manoj Ghuhan Arivazhagan , Rashmi Gangadharaiah

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used by teenagers and young adults in everyday life, ranging from emotional support and creative expression to educational assistance. However, their unique vulnerabilities and risk profiles…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yaman Yu , Yiren Liu , Jacky Zhang , Yun Huang , Yang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable ability to process information across various languages. Despite their capabilities, they exhibit inconsistencies in handling identical queries in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yue Huang , Chenrui Fan , Yuan Li , Siyuan Wu , Tianyi Zhou , Xiangliang Zhang , Lichao Sun

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems are powered by foundation models. This paper presents a new set of foundation models, called Llama 3. It is a herd of language models that natively support multilinguality, coding, reasoning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Aaron Grattafiori , Abhimanyu Dubey , Abhinav Jauhri , Abhinav Pandey , Abhishek Kadian , Ahmad Al-Dahle , Aiesha Letman , Akhil Mathur , Alan Schelten , Alex Vaughan , Amy Yang , Angela Fan , Anirudh Goyal , Anthony Hartshorn , Aobo Yang , Archi Mitra , Archie Sravankumar , Artem Korenev , Arthur Hinsvark , Arun Rao , Aston Zhang , Aurelien Rodriguez , Austen Gregerson , Ava Spataru , Baptiste Roziere , Bethany Biron , Binh Tang , Bobbie Chern , Charlotte Caucheteux , Chaya Nayak , Chloe Bi , Chris Marra , Chris McConnell , Christian Keller , Christophe Touret , Chunyang Wu , Corinne Wong , Cristian Canton Ferrer , Cyrus Nikolaidis , Damien Allonsius , Daniel Song , Danielle Pintz , Danny Livshits , Danny Wyatt , David Esiobu , Dhruv Choudhary , Dhruv Mahajan , Diego Garcia-Olano , Diego Perino , Dieuwke Hupkes , Egor Lakomkin , Ehab AlBadawy , Elina Lobanova , Emily Dinan , Eric Michael Smith , Filip Radenovic , Francisco Guzmán , Frank Zhang , Gabriel Synnaeve , Gabrielle Lee , Georgia Lewis Anderson , Govind Thattai , Graeme Nail , Gregoire Mialon , Guan Pang , Guillem Cucurell , Hailey Nguyen , Hannah Korevaar , Hu Xu , Hugo Touvron , Iliyan Zarov , Imanol Arrieta Ibarra , Isabel Kloumann , Ishan Misra , Ivan Evtimov , Jack Zhang , Jade Copet , Jaewon Lee , Jan Geffert , Jana Vranes , Jason Park , Jay Mahadeokar , Jeet Shah , Jelmer van der Linde , Jennifer Billock , Jenny Hong , Jenya Lee , Jeremy Fu , Jianfeng Chi , Jianyu Huang , Jiawen Liu , Jie Wang , Jiecao Yu , Joanna Bitton , Joe Spisak , Jongsoo Park , Joseph Rocca , Joshua Johnstun , Joshua Saxe , Junteng Jia , Kalyan Vasuden Alwala , Karthik Prasad , Kartikeya Upasani , Kate Plawiak , Ke Li , Kenneth Heafield , Kevin Stone , Khalid El-Arini , Krithika Iyer , Kshitiz Malik , Kuenley Chiu , Kunal Bhalla , Kushal Lakhotia , Lauren Rantala-Yeary , Laurens van der Maaten , Lawrence Chen , Liang Tan , Liz Jenkins , Louis Martin , Lovish Madaan , Lubo Malo , Lukas Blecher , Lukas Landzaat , Luke de Oliveira , Madeline Muzzi , Mahesh Pasupuleti , Mannat Singh , Manohar Paluri , Marcin Kardas , Maria Tsimpoukelli , Mathew Oldham , Mathieu Rita , Maya Pavlova , Melanie Kambadur , Mike Lewis , Min Si , Mitesh Kumar Singh , Mona Hassan , Naman Goyal , Narjes Torabi , Nikolay Bashlykov , Nikolay Bogoychev , Niladri Chatterji , Ning Zhang , Olivier Duchenne , Onur Çelebi , Patrick Alrassy , Pengchuan Zhang , Pengwei Li , Petar Vasic , Peter Weng , Prajjwal Bhargava , Pratik Dubal , Praveen Krishnan , Punit Singh Koura , Puxin Xu , Qing He , Qingxiao Dong , Ragavan Srinivasan , Raj Ganapathy , Ramon Calderer , Ricardo Silveira Cabral , Robert Stojnic , Roberta Raileanu , Rohan Maheswari , Rohit Girdhar , Rohit Patel , Romain Sauvestre , Ronnie Polidoro , Roshan Sumbaly , Ross Taylor , Ruan Silva , Rui Hou , Rui Wang , Saghar Hosseini , Sahana Chennabasappa , Sanjay Singh , Sean Bell , Seohyun Sonia Kim , Sergey Edunov , Shaoliang Nie , Sharan Narang , Sharath Raparthy , Sheng Shen , Shengye Wan , Shruti Bhosale , Shun Zhang , Simon Vandenhende , Soumya Batra , Spencer Whitman , Sten Sootla , Stephane Collot , Suchin Gururangan , Sydney Borodinsky , Tamar Herman , Tara Fowler , Tarek Sheasha , Thomas Georgiou , Thomas Scialom , Tobias Speckbacher , Todor Mihaylov , Tong Xiao , Ujjwal Karn , Vedanuj Goswami , Vibhor Gupta , Vignesh Ramanathan , Viktor Kerkez , Vincent Gonguet , Virginie Do , Vish Vogeti , Vítor Albiero , Vladan Petrovic , Weiwei Chu , Wenhan Xiong , Wenyin Fu , Whitney Meers , Xavier Martinet , Xiaodong Wang , Xiaofang Wang , Xiaoqing Ellen Tan , Xide Xia , Xinfeng Xie , Xuchao Jia , Xuewei Wang , Yaelle Goldschlag , Yashesh Gaur , Yasmine Babaei , Yi Wen , Yiwen Song , Yuchen Zhang , Yue Li , Yuning Mao , Zacharie Delpierre Coudert , Zheng Yan , Zhengxing Chen , Zoe Papakipos , Aaditya Singh , Aayushi Srivastava , Abha Jain , Adam Kelsey , Adam Shajnfeld , Adithya Gangidi , Adolfo Victoria , Ahuva Goldstand , Ajay Menon , Ajay Sharma , Alex Boesenberg , Alexei Baevski , Allie Feinstein , Amanda Kallet , Amit Sangani , Amos Teo , Anam Yunus , Andrei Lupu , Andres Alvarado , Andrew Caples , Andrew Gu , Andrew Ho , Andrew Poulton , Andrew Ryan , Ankit Ramchandani , Annie Dong , Annie Franco , Anuj Goyal , Aparajita Saraf , Arkabandhu Chowdhury , Ashley Gabriel , Ashwin Bharambe , Assaf Eisenman , Azadeh Yazdan , Beau James , Ben Maurer , Benjamin Leonhardi , Bernie Huang , Beth Loyd , Beto De Paola , Bhargavi Paranjape , Bing Liu , Bo Wu , Boyu Ni , Braden Hancock , Bram Wasti , Brandon Spence , Brani Stojkovic , Brian Gamido , Britt Montalvo , Carl Parker , Carly Burton , Catalina Mejia , Ce Liu , Changhan Wang , Changkyu Kim , Chao Zhou , Chester Hu , Ching-Hsiang Chu , Chris Cai , Chris Tindal , Christoph Feichtenhofer , Cynthia Gao , Damon Civin , Dana Beaty , Daniel Kreymer , Daniel Li , David Adkins , David Xu , Davide Testuggine , Delia David , Devi Parikh , Diana Liskovich , Didem Foss , Dingkang Wang , Duc Le , Dustin Holland , Edward Dowling , Eissa Jamil , Elaine Montgomery , Eleonora Presani , Emily Hahn , Emily Wood , Eric-Tuan Le , Erik Brinkman , Esteban Arcaute , Evan Dunbar , Evan Smothers , Fei Sun , Felix Kreuk , Feng Tian , Filippos Kokkinos , Firat Ozgenel , Francesco Caggioni , Frank Kanayet , Frank Seide , Gabriela Medina Florez , Gabriella Schwarz , Gada Badeer , Georgia Swee , Gil Halpern , Grant Herman , Grigory Sizov , Guangyi , Zhang , Guna Lakshminarayanan , Hakan Inan , Hamid Shojanazeri , Han Zou , Hannah Wang , Hanwen Zha , Haroun Habeeb , Harrison Rudolph , Helen Suk , Henry Aspegren , Hunter Goldman , Hongyuan Zhan , Ibrahim Damlaj , Igor Molybog , Igor Tufanov , Ilias Leontiadis , Irina-Elena Veliche , Itai Gat , Jake Weissman , James Geboski , James Kohli , Janice Lam , Japhet Asher , Jean-Baptiste Gaya , Jeff Marcus , Jeff Tang , Jennifer Chan , Jenny Zhen , Jeremy Reizenstein , Jeremy Teboul , Jessica Zhong , Jian Jin , Jingyi Yang , Joe Cummings , Jon Carvill , Jon Shepard , Jonathan McPhie , Jonathan Torres , Josh Ginsburg , Junjie Wang , Kai Wu , Kam Hou U , Karan Saxena , Kartikay Khandelwal , Katayoun Zand , Kathy Matosich , Kaushik Veeraraghavan , Kelly Michelena , Keqian Li , Kiran Jagadeesh , Kun Huang , Kunal Chawla , Kyle Huang , Lailin Chen , Lakshya Garg , Lavender A , Leandro Silva , Lee Bell , Lei Zhang , Liangpeng Guo , Licheng Yu , Liron Moshkovich , Luca Wehrstedt , Madian Khabsa , Manav Avalani , Manish Bhatt , Martynas Mankus , Matan Hasson , Matthew Lennie , Matthias Reso , Maxim Groshev , Maxim Naumov , Maya Lathi , Meghan Keneally , Miao Liu , Michael L. Seltzer , Michal Valko , Michelle Restrepo , Mihir Patel , Mik Vyatskov , Mikayel Samvelyan , Mike Clark , Mike Macey , Mike Wang , Miquel Jubert Hermoso , Mo Metanat , Mohammad Rastegari , Munish Bansal , Nandhini Santhanam , Natascha Parks , Natasha White , Navyata Bawa , Nayan Singhal , Nick Egebo , Nicolas Usunier , Nikhil Mehta , Nikolay Pavlovich Laptev , Ning Dong , Norman Cheng , Oleg Chernoguz , Olivia Hart , Omkar Salpekar , Ozlem Kalinli , Parkin Kent , Parth Parekh , Paul Saab , Pavan Balaji , Pedro Rittner , Philip Bontrager , Pierre Roux , Piotr Dollar , Polina Zvyagina , Prashant Ratanchandani , Pritish Yuvraj , Qian Liang , Rachad Alao , Rachel Rodriguez , Rafi Ayub , Raghotham Murthy , Raghu Nayani , Rahul Mitra , Rangaprabhu Parthasarathy , Raymond Li , Rebekkah Hogan , Robin Battey , Rocky Wang , Russ Howes , Ruty Rinott , Sachin Mehta , Sachin Siby , Sai Jayesh Bondu , Samyak Datta , Sara Chugh , Sara Hunt , Sargun Dhillon , Sasha Sidorov , Satadru Pan , Saurabh Mahajan , Saurabh Verma , Seiji Yamamoto , Sharadh Ramaswamy , Shaun Lindsay , Shaun Lindsay , Sheng Feng , Shenghao Lin , Shengxin Cindy Zha , Shishir Patil , Shiva Shankar , Shuqiang Zhang , Shuqiang Zhang , Sinong Wang , Sneha Agarwal , Soji Sajuyigbe , Soumith Chintala , Stephanie Max , Stephen Chen , Steve Kehoe , Steve Satterfield , Sudarshan Govindaprasad , Sumit Gupta , Summer Deng , Sungmin Cho , Sunny Virk , Suraj Subramanian , Sy Choudhury , Sydney Goldman , Tal Remez , Tamar Glaser , Tamara Best , Thilo Koehler , Thomas Robinson , Tianhe Li , Tianjun Zhang , Tim Matthews , Timothy Chou , Tzook Shaked , Varun Vontimitta , Victoria Ajayi , Victoria Montanez , Vijai Mohan , Vinay Satish Kumar , Vishal Mangla , Vlad Ionescu , Vlad Poenaru , Vlad Tiberiu Mihailescu , Vladimir Ivanov , Wei Li , Wenchen Wang , Wenwen Jiang , Wes Bouaziz , Will Constable , Xiaocheng Tang , Xiaojian Wu , Xiaolan Wang , Xilun Wu , Xinbo Gao , Yaniv Kleinman , Yanjun Chen , Ye Hu , Ye Jia , Ye Qi , Yenda Li , Yilin Zhang , Ying Zhang , Yossi Adi , Youngjin Nam , Yu , Wang , Yu Zhao , Yuchen Hao , Yundi Qian , Yunlu Li , Yuzi He , Zach Rait , Zachary DeVito , Zef Rosnbrick , Zhaoduo Wen , Zhenyu Yang , Zhiwei Zhao , Zhiyu Ma

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) exhibit powerful capabilities for generating natural text. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) can discover diverse solutions to complex real-world problems. Motivated by the common collective and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Chao Wang , Jiaxuan Zhao , Licheng Jiao , Lingling Li , Fang Liu , Shuyuan Yang

Large language models are trained in two stages: (1) unsupervised pretraining from raw text, to learn general-purpose representations, and (2) large scale instruction tuning and reinforcement learning, to better align to end tasks and user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Chunting Zhou , Pengfei Liu , Puxin Xu , Srini Iyer , Jiao Sun , Yuning Mao , Xuezhe Ma , Avia Efrat , Ping Yu , Lili Yu , Susan Zhang , Gargi Ghosh , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , Omer Levy

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Adapting English-based large language models (LLMs) to other languages has become increasingly popular due to the efficiency and potential of cross-lingual transfer. However, existing language adaptation methods often overlook the benefits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ikuya Yamada , Ryokan Ri

Multimodal language analysis is a rapidly evolving field that leverages multiple modalities to enhance the understanding of high-level semantics underlying human conversational utterances. Despite its significance, little research has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Hanlei Zhang , Zhuohang Li , Yeshuang Zhu , Hua Xu , Peiwu Wang , Haige Zhu , Jie Zhou , Jinchao Zhang

The auditing of financial documents, historically a labor-intensive process, stands on the precipice of transformation. AI-driven solutions have made inroads into streamlining this process by recommending pertinent text passages from…