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Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved tremendous success in graph mining. However, the inability of GNNs to model substructures in graphs remains a significant drawback. Specifically, message-passing GNNs (MPGNNs), as the prevailing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Qingqing Long , Yilun Jin , Yi Wu , Guojie Song

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are effective models for representation learning on relational data. However, standard GNNs are limited in their expressive power, as they cannot distinguish graphs beyond the capability of the Weisfeiler-Leman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Ralph Abboud , İsmail İlkan Ceylan , Martin Grohe , Thomas Lukasiewicz

We establish a bridge between spectral clustering and Gromov-Wasserstein Learning (GWL), a recent optimal transport-based approach to graph partitioning. This connection both explains and improves upon the state-of-the-art performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Samir Chowdhury , Tom Needham

Most graph kernels are an instance of the class of $\mathcal{R}$-Convolution kernels, which measure the similarity of objects by comparing their substructures. Despite their empirical success, most graph kernels use a naive aggregation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Matteo Togninalli , Elisabetta Ghisu , Felipe Llinares-López , Bastian Rieck , Karsten Borgwardt

Message-passing graph neural networks (MPGNNs) are commonly compared with the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) color-refinement procedure, but this comparison does not quantify the resource parameters a network needs to realize color refinement with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Guanyu Cui , Yuhe Guo , Zhewei Wei , Hsin-Hao Su

We investigate the relationship between various isomorphism invariants for finite groups. Specifically, we use the Weisfeiler-Leman dimension (WL) to characterize, compare and quantify the effectiveness and complexity of invariants for…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-24 Jendrik Brachter , Pascal Schweitzer

We focus on graph classification using a graph neural network (GNN) model that precomputes the node features using a bank of neighborhood aggregation graph operators arranged in parallel. These GNN models have a natural advantage of reduced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Siddhant Doshi , Sundeep Prabhakar Chepuri

We introduce $r$-loopy Weisfeiler-Leman ($r$-$\ell{}$WL), a novel hierarchy of graph isomorphism tests and a corresponding GNN framework, $r$-$\ell{}$MPNN, that can count cycles up to length $r + 2$. Most notably, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Raffaele Paolino , Sohir Maskey , Pascal Welke , Gitta Kutyniok

Unsupervised graph alignment finds the node correspondence between a pair of attributed graphs by only exploiting graph structure and node features. One category of recent studies first computes the node representation and then matches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Songyang Chen , Yu Liu , Lei Zou , Zexuan Wang , Youfang Lin

An important characteristic of temporal graphs is how the directed arrow of time influences their causal topology, i.e., which nodes can possibly influence each other causally via time-respecting paths. The resulting patterns are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Franziska Heeg , Jonas Sauer , Petra Mutzel , Ingo Scholtes

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a broad class of connectionist models for graph processing. Recent studies have shown that GNNs can approximate any function on graphs, modulo the equivalence relation on graphs defined by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Giuseppe Alessio D'Inverno , Monica Bianchini , Maria Lucia Sampoli , Franco Scarselli

Most state-of-the-art graph kernels only take local graph properties into account, i.e., the kernel is computed with regard to properties of the neighborhood of vertices or other small substructures. On the other hand, kernels that do take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Christopher Morris , Kristian Kersting , Petra Mutzel

Incorporating spectral information to enhance Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown promising results but raises a fundamental challenge due to the inherent ambiguity of eigenvectors. Various architectures have been proposed to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Bohang Zhang , Lingxiao Zhao , Haggai Maron

The Weisfeiler-Leman dimension of a graph $G$ is the least number $k$ such that the $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm distinguishes $G$ from every other non-isomorphic graph. The dimension is a standard measure of the descriptive…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Moritz Lichter , Simon Raßmann , Pascal Schweitzer

Message passing neural networks (MPNNs) learn the representation of graph-structured data based on graph original information, including node features and graph structures, and have shown astonishing improvement in node classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Xiao Liu , Lijun Zhang , Hui Guan

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for learning on structured data, yet the relationship between their expressivity and predictive performance remains unclear. We introduce a family of premetrics that capture different degrees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Sohir Maskey , Raffaele Paolino , Fabian Jogl , Gitta Kutyniok , Johannes F. Lutzeyer

We precisely characterize the expressivity of computable Recurrent Graph Neural Networks (recurrent GNNs). We prove that recurrent GNNs with finite-precision parameters, sum aggregation, and ReLU activation, can compute any graph algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Eran Rosenbluth , Martin Grohe

The problem of graph isomorphism is an important but challenging problem in the field of graph analysis, for example: analyzing the similarity of two chemical molecules, or studying the expressive ability of graph neural networks. WL test…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Wanghan Xu

Traditional Graph Self-Supervised Learning (GSSL) struggles to capture complex structural properties well. This limitation stems from two main factors: (1) the inadequacy of conventional Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in representing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Asiri Wijesinghe , Hao Zhu , Piotr Koniusz

The study of Graph Neural Networks has received considerable interest in the past few years. By extending deep learning to graph-structured data, GNNs can solve a diverse set of tasks in fields including social science, chemistry, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Ashwin Nalwade , Kelly Marshall , Axel Eladi , Umang Sharma