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Data watermarking in language models injects traceable signals, such as specific token sequences or stylistic patterns, into copyrighted text, allowing copyright holders to track and verify training data ownership. Previous data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xinyue Cui , Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Swabha Swayamdipta , Robin Jia

While watermarks for closed LLMs have matured and have been included in large-scale deployments, these methods are not applicable to open-source models, which allow users full control over the decoding process. This setting is understudied…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

With generative models producing high quality images that are indistinguishable from real ones, there is growing concern regarding the malicious usage of AI-generated images. Imperceptible image watermarking is one viable solution towards…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Ahmad Rezaei , Mohammad Akbari , Saeed Ranjbar Alvar , Arezou Fatemi , Yong Zhang

A recent and exciting thread of work focuses on developing methods for watermarking the output of large language models (LLMs). We focus on provably undetectable watermarking-that is, schemes that do not alter the output distribution of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Noam Mazor , Andrew Morgan , Rafael Pass

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking embeds detectable signals into generated text for copyright protection, misuse prevention, and content detection. While prior studies evaluate robustness using watermark removal attacks, these methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zhaoxi Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , He Zhang , Shirui Pan , Bo Liu , Asif Qumer Gill , Leo Yu Zhang

The proliferation of AI-generated content brings significant concerns on the forensic and security issues such as source tracing, copyright protection, etc, highlighting the need for effective watermarking technologies. Font-based text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Kahim Wong , Jicheng Zhou , Kemou Li , Yain-Whar Si , Xiaowei Wu , Jiantao Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

The strong performance of large language models (LLMs) raises extensive discussion on their application to code generation. Recent research suggests continuous program refinements through visible tests to improve code generation accuracy in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Chao Lei , Yanchuan Chang , Nir Lipovetzky , Krista A. Ehinger

Integrating watermarks into generative images is a critical strategy for protecting intellectual property and enhancing artificial intelligence security. This paper proposes Plug-in Generative Watermarking (PiGW) as a general framework for…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Rui Ma , Mengxi Guo , Li Yuming , Hengyuan Zhang , Cong Ma , Yuan Li , Xiaodong Xie , Shanghang Zhang

In this paper, we initiate the study of \emph{multi-designated detector watermarking (MDDW)} for large language models (LLMs). This technique allows model providers to generate watermarked outputs from LLMs with two key properties: (i) only…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Zhengan Huang , Gongxian Zeng , Xin Mu , Yu Wang , Yue Yu

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, especially Large Language Models (LLMs), have started gaining popularity among researchers and software developers for generating source code. However, LLMs have been shown to generate code with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Hyunjae Suh , Mahan Tafreshipour , Jiawei Li , Adithya Bhattiprolu , Iftekhar Ahmed

Efficient knowledge injection methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as In-Context Learning, knowledge editing, and efficient parameter fine-tuning, significantly enhance model utility on downstream tasks. However, they also pose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ziwei Zhang , Juan Wen , Wanli Peng , Zhengxian Wu , Yinghan Zhou , Yiming Xue

Generative images have proliferated on Web platforms in social media and online copyright distribution scenarios, and semantic watermarking has increasingly been integrated into diffusion models to support reliable provenance tracking and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Zheng Gao , Xiaoyu Li , Zhicheng Bao , Xiaoyan Feng , Jiaojiao Jiang

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises critical concerns regarding the unauthorized inclusion of copyrighted content in training data. Existing detection frameworks, such as DE-COP, are computationally intensive, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Szczecina , Senan Gaffori , Edmond Li

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified concerns about content traceability and potential misuse. Existing watermarking schemes for sampled text often face trade-offs between maintaining text quality and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Shizhan Cai , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao

Generative code models (GCMs) significantly enhance development efficiency through automated code generation and code summarization. However, building and training these models require computational resources and time, necessitating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haoxuan Li , Jiale Zhang , Xiaobing Sun , Xiapu Luo

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the generations of large language models (LLMs). The strength of a watermark typically depends strongly on the entropy afforded by the language model and the set of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

We present SWaRL, a robust and fidelity-preserving watermarking framework designed to protect the intellectual property of code LLMs by embedding unique and verifiable signatures in the generated program. Existing watermarking approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Neusha Javidnia , Ruisi Zhang , Ashish Kundu , Farinaz Koushanfar