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This survey examines the broad suite of methods and models for combining machine learning with physics knowledge for prediction and forecast, with a focus on partial differential equations. These methods have attracted significant interest…

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are one popular approach to incorporate a priori knowledge about physical systems into the learning framework. PINNs are known to be robust for smaller training sets, derive better generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Birgit Hillebrecht , Benjamin Unger

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are an influential method of solving differential equations and estimating their parameters given data. However, since they make use of neural networks, they provide only a point estimate of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Lena Podina , Mahdi Torabi Rad , Mohammad Kohandel

This paper proposes a physics-informed learning framework for a class of recurrent neural networks tailored to large-scale and networked systems. The approach aims to learn control-oriented models that preserve the structural and stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Daniele Ravasio , Claudia Sbardi , Marcello Farina , Andrea Ballarino

We demonstrate that embedding physics-driven constraints into machine learning process can dramatically improve accuracy and generalizability of the resulting model. Physics-informed learning is illustrated on the example of analysis of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-12-16 Abantika Ghosh , Mohannad Elhamod , Jie Bu , Wei-Cheng Lee , Anuj Karpatne , Viktor A Podolskiy

We present a novel approach to modeling the ground state mass of atomic nuclei based directly on a probabilistic neural network constrained by relevant physics. Our Physically Interpretable Machine Learning (PIML) approach incorporates…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-08-17 M. R. Mumpower , T. M. Sprouse , A. E. Lovell , A. T. Mohan

We introduce a novel physics-informed approach for accurately modeling aggregation kinetics which provides a comprehensive solution in a single run by outputting all model parameters simultaneously, a clear advancement over traditional…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-16 Farzona Mukhamedova , Ivan Tyukin , Nikolai Brilliantov

Combining physics with machine learning models has advanced the performance of machine learning models in many different applications. In this paper, we evaluate adding a weak physics constraint, i.e., a physics-based empirical…

Geophysics · Physics 2024-03-11 Qingkai Kong , William R. Walter , Ruijia Wang , Brandon Schmandt

Many physical systems are described by partial differential equations (PDEs), and solving these equations and estimating their coefficients or boundary conditions (BCs) from observational data play a crucial role in understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Tomohisa Okazaki

Constructing first-principles models is usually a challenging and time-consuming task due to the complexity of the real-life processes. On the other hand, data-driven modeling, and in particular neural network models often suffer from…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-03 Ece S. Koksal , Erdal Aydin

Calibration ensures that probabilistic forecasts meaningfully capture uncertainty by requiring that predicted probabilities align with empirical frequencies. However, many existing calibration methods are specialized for post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Charles Marx , Sofian Zalouk , Stefano Ermon

Physics-informed neural networks approach the approximation of differential equations by directly incorporating their structure and given conditions in a loss function. This enables conditions like, e.g., invariants to be easily added…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Santosh Humagain , Toni Schneidereit

Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) integrates prior physical information, often in the form of differential equation constraints, into the process of fitting machine learning models to physical data. Popular PIML approaches, including…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-31 Mara Daniels , Liam Hodgkinson , Michael Mahoney

Deep kernel learning is a promising combination of deep neural networks and nonparametric function learning. However, as a data driven approach, the performance of deep kernel learning can still be restricted by scarce or insufficient data,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-20 Zheng Wang , Wei Xing , Robert Kirby , Shandian Zhe

Physics-informed machine learning is gaining significant traction for enhancing statistical performance and sample efficiency through the integration of physical knowledge. However, current theoretical analyses often presume complete prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Takeshi Koshizuka , Issei Sato

Physically informed neural networks (PINNs) are a promising emerging method for solving differential equations. As in many other deep learning approaches, the choice of PINN design and training protocol requires careful craftsmanship. Here,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-09 Inbar Seroussi , Asaf Miron , Zohar Ringel

We briefly summarize the kernel regression approach, as used recently in materials modelling, to fitting functions, particularly potential energy surfaces, and highlight how the linear algebra framework can be used to both predict and train…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-02-05 Michele Ceriotti , Michael J. Willatt , Gábor Csányi

Modeling geophysical processes as low-dimensional dynamical systems and regressing their vector field from data is a promising approach for learning emulators of such systems. We show that when the kernel of these emulators is also learned…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Boumediene Hamzi , Romit Maulik , Houman Owhadi

Compared to physics-based computational manufacturing, data-driven models such as machine learning (ML) are alternative approaches to achieve smart manufacturing. However, the data-driven ML's "black box" nature has presented a challenge to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Rahul Sharma , Maziar Raissi , Y. B. Guo

There is growing interest in using machine learning (ML) methods for structural metamodeling due to the substantial computational cost of traditional simulations. Purely data-driven strategies often face limitations in model robustness,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 R. Bailey Bond , Pu Ren , Jerome F. Hajjar , Hao Sun