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Most Neural Networks (NNs) for classification are trained using Cross-Entropy as a loss function. This approach requires the model to have an explicit classification layer. However, there exist alternative approaches, such as Contrastive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Leonardo Arrighi , Julia Eva Belloni , Aurélie Gallet , Ivan Gentile , Matteo Lippi , Marco Zullich

Encrypted traffic classification is a critical task for network security. While deep learning has advanced this field, the occlusion of payload semantics by encryption severely challenges standard modeling approaches. Most existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Qing He , Xiaowei Fu , Lei Zhang

Network traffic classification (NTC) is vital for efficient network management, security, and performance optimization, particularly with 5G/6G technologies. Traditional methods, such as deep packet inspection (DPI) and port-based…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ehsan Eslami , Walaa Hamouda

Federated learning (FL) is a promising approach that enables distributed clients to collaboratively train a global model while preserving their data privacy. However, FL often suffers from data heterogeneity problems, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ye Lin Tun , Minh N. H. Nguyen , Chu Myaet Thwal , Jinwoo Choi , Choong Seon Hong

Feature extraction is an efficient approach for alleviating the issue of dimensionality in high-dimensional data. As a popular self-supervised learning method, contrastive learning has recently garnered considerable attention. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Hongjie Zhang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) on graphs generates node and graph representations (i.e., embeddings) that can be used for downstream tasks such as node classification, node clustering, and link prediction. Graph SSL is particularly useful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jiali Chen , Avijit Mukherjee

Graph-level representations (and clustering/classification based on these representations) are required in a variety of applications. Examples include identifying malicious network traffic, prediction of protein properties, and many others.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Xiang Li , Gagan Agrawal , Rajiv Ramnath , Ruoming Jin

Network traffic classification using self-supervised pre-training models based on Masked Autoencoders (MAE) has demonstrated a huge potential. However, existing methods are confined to isolated byte-level reconstruction of individual flows,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Xiao Liu , Xiaowei Fu , Fuxiang Huang , Lei Zhang

Recommender systems are widely deployed in various web environments, and self-supervised learning (SSL) has recently attracted significant attention in this field. Contrastive learning (CL) stands out as a major SSL paradigm due to its…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Yu Zhang , Lei Sang , Yi Zhang , Yiwen Zhang , Yun Yang

Graphs model complex relationships between entities, with nodes and edges capturing intricate connections. Node representation learning involves transforming nodes into low-dimensional embeddings. These embeddings are typically used as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Ying-Chun Lin , Jennifer Neville

Contrastive learning (CL) is a popular technique for self-supervised learning (SSL) of visual representations. It uses pairs of augmentations of unlabeled training examples to define a classification task for pretext learning of a deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Chih-Hui Ho , Nuno Vasconcelos

In the domain of recommendation and collaborative filtering, Graph Contrastive Learning (GCL) has become an influential approach. Nevertheless, the reasons for the effectiveness of contrastive learning are still not well understood. In this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Chengkai Liu , Jianling Wang , James Caverlee

Efficiently capturing the complex spatiotemporal representations from large-scale unlabeled traffic data remains to be a challenging task. In considering of the dilemma, this work employs the advanced contrastive learning and proposes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Lincan Li , Kaixiang Yang , Fengji Luo , Jichao Bi

Network traffic classification, particularly elephant flow detection, faces significant challenges when deployed across heterogeneous network environments. While existing approaches demonstrate high accuracy within single domains, they…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Tabidah Usmani , Sara Zahid , Amna Javaid

Contrastive learning (CL) has become a dominant paradigm for self-supervised hypergraph learning, enabling effective training without costly labels. However, node entities in real-world hypergraphs are often associated with rich textual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mengting Pan , Fan Li , Chen Chen , Xiaoyang Wang , Wenjie Zhang

Contrastive Learning (CL) has recently emerged as a powerful technique in recommendation systems, particularly for its capability to harness self-supervised signals from perturbed views to mitigate the persistent challenge of data sparsity.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Zheyu Chen , Jinfeng Xu , Yutong Wei , Ziyue Peng

Accurate and efficient network traffic classification is important for many network management tasks, from traffic prioritization to anomaly detection. Although classifiers using pre-computed flow statistics (e.g., packet sizes,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Xi Jiang , Shinan Liu , Saloua Naama , Francesco Bronzino , Paul Schmitt , Nick Feamster

Contrastive representation learning has been recently proved to be very efficient for self-supervised training. These methods have been successfully used to train encoders which perform comparably to supervised training on downstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Ibrahim Merad , Yiyang Yu , Emmanuel Bacry , Stéphane Gaïffas

Road network and trajectory representation learning are essential for traffic systems since the learned representation can be directly used in various downstream tasks (e.g., traffic speed inference, and travel time estimation). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Zhenyu Mao , Ziyue Li , Dedong Li , Lei Bai , Rui Zhao

We propose a framework in which multiple entities collaborate to build a machine learning model while preserving privacy of their data. The approach utilizes feature embeddings from shared/per-entity feature extractors transforming data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Alireza Sarmadi , Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Siddharth Garg , Farshad Khorrami