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Online experimentation, also known as A/B testing, is the gold standard for measuring product impacts and making business decisions in the tech industry. The validity and utility of experiments, however, hinge on unbiasedness and sufficient…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-17 Min Liu , Jialiang Mao , Kang Kang

We initiate the study of statistical inference and A/B testing for first-price pacing equilibria (FPPE). The FPPE model captures the dynamics resulting from large-scale first-price auction markets where buyers use pacing-based budget…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-30 Luofeng Liao , Christian Kroer

A/B testing, or controlled experiments, is the gold standard approach to causally compare the performance of algorithms on online platforms. However, conventional Bernoulli randomization in A/B testing faces many challenges such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Yongkang Guo , Yuan Yuan , Jinshan Zhang , Yuqing Kong , Zhihua Zhu , Zheng Cai

In the past decade, the technology industry has adopted online randomized controlled experiments (a.k.a. A/B testing) to guide product development and make business decisions. In practice, A/B tests are often implemented with increasing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-27 Kevin Han , Shuangning Li , Jialiang Mao , Han Wu

In an A/B test, the typical objective is to measure the total average treatment effect (TATE), which measures the difference between the average outcome if all users were treated and the average outcome if all users were untreated. However,…

Applications · Statistics 2020-04-28 David Holtz , Sinan Aral

Online marketplace designers frequently run A/B tests to measure the impact of proposed product changes. However, given that marketplaces are inherently connected, total average treatment effect estimates obtained through Bernoulli…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-28 David Holtz , Ruben Lobel , Inessa Liskovich , Sinan Aral

We initiate the study of statistical inference and A/B testing for two market equilibrium models: linear Fisher market (LFM) equilibrium and first-price pacing equilibrium (FPPE). LFM arises from fair resource allocation systems such as…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Luofeng Liao , Christian Kroer

In this paper, we examine the biases that arise when firms run A/B tests on continuous parameters to estimate global treatment effects on performance metrics of interest; we particularly focus on price experiments to measure the price…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Ramesh Johari , Orrie B. Page , Gabriel Y. Weintraub

A/B tests serve the purpose of reliably identifying the effect of changes introduced in online services. It is common for online platforms to run a large number of simultaneous experiments by splitting incoming user traffic randomly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Alexander Buchholz , Vito Bellini , Giuseppe Di Benedetto , Yannik Stein , Matteo Ruffini , Fabian Moerchen

For many application areas A/B testing, which partitions users of a system into an A (control) and B (treatment) group to experiment between several application designs, enables Internet companies to optimize their services to the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Shuchi Chawla , Jason D. Hartline , Denis Nekipelov

It is standard practice in online retail to run pricing experiments by randomizing at the article-level, i.e. by changing prices of different products to identify treatment effects. Due to customers' cross-price substitution behavior, such…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-23 Lars Roemheld , Justin Rao

Interference between treated and untreated units is a source of bias in marketplace experiments. In this paper, we specifically consider pricing interventions, in which a platform seeks to adjust base pricing levels at the marketplace level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-27 Arthur Delarue , Kleanthis Karakolios

A/B testing has become the cornerstone of decision-making in online markets, guiding how platforms launch new features, optimize pricing strategies, and improve user experience. In practice, we typically employ the pairwise $t$-test to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Junpeng Gong , Chunkai Wang , Hao Li , Jinyong Ma , Haoxuan Li , Xu He

This paper studies the measurement of advertising effects on online platforms when parallel experimentation occurs, that is, when multiple advertisers experiment concurrently. It provides a framework that makes precise how parallel…

General Economics · Economics 2024-03-01 Caio Waisman , Navdeep S. Sahni , Harikesh S. Nair , Xiliang Lin

When developing a new networking algorithm, it is established practice to run a randomized experiment, or A/B test, to evaluate its performance. In an A/B test, traffic is randomly allocated between a treatment group, which uses the new…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Bruce Spang , Veronica Hannan , Shravya Kunamalla , Te-Yuan Huang , Nick McKeown , Ramesh Johari

Online A/B tests have become increasingly popular and important for social platforms. However, accurately estimating the global average treatment effect (GATE) has proven to be challenging due to network interference, which violates the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-27 Qianyi Chen , Bo Li , Lu Deng , Yong Wang

This paper investigates decision-making in A/B experiments for online platforms and marketplaces. In such settings, due to constraints on inventory, A/B experiments typically lead to biased estimators because of *interference* between…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Ramesh Johari , Hannah Li , Anushka Murthy , Gabriel Y. Weintraub

A/B testing is gaining attention in the automotive sector as a promising tool to measure causal effects from software changes. Different from the web-facing businesses, where A/B testing has been well-established, the automotive domain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Yuchu Liu , David Issa Mattos , Jan Bosch , Helena Holmström Olsson , Jonn Lantz

Marketers often use A/B testing as a tool to compare marketing treatments in a test stage and then deploy the better-performing treatment to the remainder of the consumer population. While these tests have traditionally been analyzed using…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-03 Elea McDonnell Feit , Ron Berman

While there exists a large amount of literature on the general challenges of and best practices for trustworthy online A/B testing, there are limited studies on sample size estimation, which plays a crucial role in trustworthy and efficient…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-21 Jing Zhou , Jiannan Lu , Anas Shallah
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