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Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a popular algorithm for optimization problems arising in high-dimensional inference tasks. Here one produces an estimator of an unknown parameter from independent samples of data by iteratively…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-23 Gerard Ben Arous , Reza Gheissari , Aukosh Jagannath

The main aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of gradient descent (GD) algorithms with gradient errors that do not necessarily vanish, asymptotically. In particular, sufficient conditions are presented for both stability (almost sure…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Arunselvan Ramaswamy , Shalabh Bhatnagar

We investigate how the final parameters found by stochastic gradient descent are influenced by over-parameterization. We generate families of models by increasing the number of channels in a base network, and then perform a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-10 Daniel S. Park , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Quoc V. Le , Samuel L. Smith

In this paper, we address stochastic optimization problems involving a composition of a non-smooth outer function and a smooth inner function, a formulation frequently encountered in machine learning and operations research. To deal with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Tommaso Giovannelli , Jingfu Tan , Luis Nunes Vicente

Recent empirical work on stochastic gradient descent (SGD) applied to over-parameterized deep learning has shown that most gradient components over epochs are quite small. Inspired by such observations, we rigorously study properties of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Yingxue Zhou , Xinyan Li , Arindam Banerjee

Modern machine learning algorithms aim to extract fine-grained information from data to provide accurate predictions, which often conflicts with the goal of privacy protection. This paper addresses the practical and theoretical importance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-17 Puyu Wang , Yunwen Lei , Yiming Ying , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In the context of statistical supervised learning, the noiseless linear model assumes that there exists a deterministic linear relation $Y = \langle \theta_*, X \rangle$ between the random output $Y$ and the random feature vector $\Phi(U)$,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Raphaël Berthier , Francis Bach , Pierre Gaillard

Empirical studies of the loss landscape of deep networks have revealed that many local minima are connected through low-loss valleys. Yet, little is known about the theoretical origin of such valleys. We present a general framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Bo Zhao , Iordan Ganev , Robin Walters , Rose Yu , Nima Dehmamy

Spectral gradient methods, such as the Muon optimizer, modify gradient updates by preserving directional information while discarding scale, and have shown strong empirical performance in deep learning. We investigate the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-02 Guillaume Braun , Han Bao , Wei Huang , Masaaki Imaizumi

The dynamical stability of the iterates during training plays a key role in determining the minima obtained by optimization algorithms. For example, stable solutions of gradient descent (GD) correspond to flat minima, which have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Rotem Mulayoff , Sebastian U. Stich

Distributed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has attracted considerable recent attention due to its potential for scaling computational resources, reducing training time, and helping protect user privacy in machine learning. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Siyuan Yu , Wei Chen , H. Vincent Poor

Continual learning, the ability of a model to adapt to an ongoing sequence of tasks without forgetting earlier ones, is a central goal of artificial intelligence. To better understand its underlying mechanisms, we study the limitations of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-21 Hossein Taheri , Avishek Ghosh , Arya Mazumdar

The rapid progress in machine learning in recent years has been based on a highly productive connection to gradient-based optimization. Further progress hinges in part on a shift in focus from pattern recognition to decision-making and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Neha S. Wadia , Yatin Dandi , Michael I. Jordan

The paper surveys recent progresses in understanding the dynamics and loss landscape of the gradient flow equations associated to deep linear neural networks, i.e., the gradient descent training dynamics (in the limit when the step size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Joel Wendin , Claudio Altafini

Neural networks are usually trained by some form of stochastic gradient descent (SGD)). A number of strategies are in common use intended to improve SGD optimization, such as learning rate schedules, momentum, and batching. These are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-08-13 Thomas M. Breuel

Most deep learning models are based on deep neural networks with multiple layers between input and output. The parameters defining these layers are initialized using random values and are "learned" from data, typically using stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Prakash Mohan , Marc T. Henry de Frahan , Ryan King , Ray W. Grout

We analyze the effect of synchronization on distributed stochastic gradient algorithms. By exploiting an analogy with dynamical models of biological quorum sensing - where synchronization between agents is induced through communication with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-18 Nicholas M. Boffi , Jean-Jacques E. Slotine

We study the convergence properties and escape dynamics of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) in one-dimensional landscapes, separately considering infinite- and finite-variance noise. Our main focus is to identify the time scales on which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Dmitry Dudukalov , Artem Logachov , Vladimir Lotov , Timofei Prasolov , Evgeny Prokopenko , Anton Tarasenko

Despite exceptional achievements, training neural networks remains computationally expensive and is often plagued by instabilities that can degrade convergence. While learning rate schedules can help mitigate these issues, finding optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Benoit Dherin , Benny Avelin , Anders Karlsson , Hanna Mazzawi , Javier Gonzalvo , Michael Munn

This paper proposes a thorough theoretical analysis of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) with non-increasing step sizes. First, we show that the recursion defining SGD can be provably approximated by solutions of a time inhomogeneous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-02 Xavier Fontaine , Valentin De Bortoli , Alain Durmus