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Adaptive methods such as Adam and RMSProp are widely used in deep learning but are not well understood. In this paper, we seek a crisp, clean and precise characterization of their behavior in nonconvex settings. To this end, we first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Matthew Staib , Sashank J. Reddi , Satyen Kale , Sanjiv Kumar , Suvrit Sra

Large Language Models (LLMs) can perform many NLP tasks well, but fully fine-tuning them is expensive and requires a lot of memory. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods such as LoRA reduce this cost by adding small low-rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Anshul Kumar , Gagan Raj Gupta , Manisha Chawla

The choice of step-size used in Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimization is empirically selected in most training procedures. Moreover, the use of scheduled learning techniques such as Step-Decaying, Cyclical-Learning, and Warmup to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Mahdi S. Hosseini , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis

We revisit the choice of SGD for training deep neural networks by reconsidering the appropriate geometry in which to optimize the weights. We argue for a geometry invariant to rescaling of weights that does not affect the output of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Behnam Neyshabur , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Nathan Srebro

Adaptive optimizers, most notably Adam, have become the default standard for training large-scale neural networks such as Transformers. These methods maintain running estimates of gradient first and second moments, incurring substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yao Lu , Dengdong Fan , Shixun Zhang , Yonghong Tian

Recent works have shown that gradient-update alignment is a powerful signal for modulating optimizer updates, often leading to faster training. We promote this update-wise heuristic as a mathematically grounded principle for selecting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jaerin Lee , Kyoung Mu Lee

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, training DNNs for satisfactory performance remains challenging and suffers from sensitivity to empirical selections of an optimization algorithm for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Haichao Zhang , Kuangrong Hao , Lei Gao , Bing Wei , Xuesong Tang

This study proposes NIRMAL (Novel Integrated Robust Multi-Adaptation Learning), a novel optimization algorithm that combines multiple strategies inspired by the movements of the chess piece. These strategies include gradient descent,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Nirmal Gaud , Surej Mouli , Preeti Katiyar , Vaduguru Venkata Ramya

Adaptive gradient methods, e.g. \textsc{Adam}, have achieved tremendous success in machine learning. Scaling the learning rate element-wisely by a certain form of second moment estimate of gradients, such methods are able to attain rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yizhou Wang , Yue Kang , Can Qin , Huan Wang , Yi Xu , Yulun Zhang , Yun Fu

Adaptive gradient methods, such as AdaGrad, are among the most successful optimization algorithms for neural network training. While these methods are known to achieve better dimensional dependence than stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-09 Ruichen Jiang , Devyani Maladkar , Aryan Mokhtari

This work is substituted by the paper in arXiv:2011.14066. Stochastic gradient descent is the de facto algorithm for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its popularity, it still requires fine tuning in order to achieve its best…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-02 Vatsal Shah , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Sujay Sanghavi

The loss surface of an overparameterized neural network (NN) possesses many global minima of zero training error. We explain how common variants of the standard NN training procedure change the minimizer obtained. First, we make explicit…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-26 Manuel Nonnenmacher , David Reeb , Ingo Steinwart

Classical machine learning models such as deep neural networks are usually trained by using Stochastic Gradient Descent-based (SGD) algorithms. The classical SGD can be interpreted as a discretization of the stochastic gradient flow. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-03 Valentin Leplat , Daniil Merkulov , Aleksandr Katrutsa , Daniel Bershatsky , Olga Tsymboi , Ivan Oseledets

Deep learning methods - usually consisting of a class of deep neural networks (DNNs) trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays omnipresent in data-driven learning problems as well as in scientific…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

The Stochastic Gradient Descent method (SGD) and its stochastic variants have become methods of choice for solving finite-sum optimization problems arising from machine learning and data science thanks to their ability to handle large-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Trang H. Tran , Quoc Tran-Dinh , Lam M. Nguyen

Averaging techniques such as Ruppert--Polyak averaging and exponential movering averaging (EMA) are powerful approaches to accelerate optimization procedures of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods such as the popular ADAM…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-29 Arnulf Jentzen , Julian Kranz , Adrian Riekert

Optimal selection of optimization algorithms is crucial for training deep learning models. The Adam optimizer has gained significant attention due to its efficiency and wide applicability. However, to enhance the adaptability of optimizers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Chengxi Pan , Junshang Chen , Jingrui Ye

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) methods see many uses in optimization problems. Modifications to the algorithm, such as momentum-based SGD methods have been known to produce better results in certain cases. Much of this, however, is due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Eric Lu

We study Stochastic Gradient Descent with AdaGrad stepsizes: a popular adaptive (self-tuning) method for first-order stochastic optimization. Despite being well studied, existing analyses of this method suffer from various shortcomings:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Amit Attia , Tomer Koren

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its variants are the most used algorithms in machine learning applications. In particular, SGD with adaptive learning rates and momentum is the industry standard to train deep networks. Despite the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-29 Xiaoyu Li , Francesco Orabona