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Related papers: Can LLMs Recognize Toxicity? A Structured Investig…

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User posts whose perceived toxicity depends on the conversational context are rare in current toxicity detection datasets. Hence, toxicity detectors trained on existing datasets will also tend to disregard context, making the detection of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Alexandros Xenos , John Pavlopoulos , Ion Androutsopoulos , Lucas Dixon , Jeffrey Sorensen , Leo Laugier

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently gained significant attention due to their remarkable capabilities in performing diverse tasks across various domains. However, a thorough evaluation of these models is crucial before deploying them…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in child-facing contexts such as education, companionship, creative tools, but their deployment raises safety, privacy, developmental, and security risks. We conduct a systematic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , Abhejay Murali , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

Due to the subtleness, implicity, and different possible interpretations perceived by different people, detecting undesirable content from text is a nuanced difficulty. It is a long-known risk that language models (LMs), once trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yau-Shian Wang , Yingshan Chang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance but pose inherent risks of generating toxic content, restricting their safe deployment. While traditional methods (e.g., alignment) adjust output preferences, they fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zenghao Duan , Zhiyi Yin , Zhichao Shi , Liang Pang , Shaoling Jing , Zihe Huang , Jiayi Wu , Yu Yan , Jingcheng Deng , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs), celebrated for their ability to generate human-like text, has raised concerns about misinformation and ethical implications. Addressing these concerns necessitates the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Wissam Antoun , Benoît Sagot , Djamé Seddah

The open-sourcing of large language models (LLMs) accelerates application development, innovation, and scientific progress. This includes both base models, which are pre-trained on extensive datasets without alignment, and aligned models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Xiao Wang , Tianze Chen , Xianjun Yang , Qi Zhang , Xun Zhao , Dahua Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained enormous attention in recent years due to their capability of understanding and generating natural languages. With the rapid development and wild-range applications (e.g., Agents, Embodied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Kun Zhang , Le Wu , Kui Yu , Guangyi Lv , Dacao Zhang

It is increasingly important to evaluate how text generation systems based on large language models (LLMs) behave, such as their tendency to produce harmful output or their sensitivity to adversarial inputs. Such evaluations often rely on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Rachel Longjohn , Shang Wu , Saatvik Kher , Catarina Belém , Padhraic Smyth

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has garnered significant popularity and wielded immense power across various domains within Natural Language Processing (NLP). While their capabilities are undeniably impressive, it is crucial to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Sara Abdali , Jia He , CJ Barberan , Richard Anarfi

As internet access expands, so does exposure to harmful content, increasing the need for effective moderation. Research has demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can be effectively utilized for social media moderation tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hsuan-Yu Chou , Wajiha Naveed , Shuyan Zhou , Xiaowei Yang

Medical systematic reviews play a vital role in healthcare decision making and policy. However, their production is time-consuming, limiting the availability of high-quality and up-to-date evidence summaries. Recent advancements in large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Hye Sun Yun , Iain J. Marshall , Thomas A. Trikalinos , Byron C. Wallace

The volume of machine-generated content online has grown dramatically due to the widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs), leading to new challenges for content moderation systems. Conventional content moderation classifiers, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shaz Furniturewala , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Recent work suggests that large language models (LLMs) can improve performance of speech tasks compared to existing systems. To support their claims, results on LibriSpeech and Common Voice are often quoted. However, this work finds that a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-06 Yuan Tseng , Titouan Parcollet , Rogier van Dalen , Shucong Zhang , Sourav Bhattacharya

Social media text shows promise for monitoring trends in the opioid overdose crisis; however, the overwhelming majority of social media text is unrelated to opioids. When leveraging social media text to monitor trends in the ongoing opioid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Kristy A. Carpenter , Issah A. Samori , Mathew V. Kiang , Keith Humphreys , Anna Lembke , Johannes C. Eichstaedt , Russ B. Altman

The growing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into critical societal domains has raised concerns about embedded biases that can perpetuate stereotypes and undermine fairness. Such biases may stem from historical inequalities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Riccardo Cantini , Alessio Orsino , Massimo Ruggiero , Domenico Talia

With the widespread use of large language models (LLMs), many researchers have turned their attention to detecting text generated by them. However, there is no consistent or precise definition of their target, namely "LLM-generated text".…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Mingmeng Geng , Thierry Poibeau

The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

The effective detection and governance of Large Language Model (LLM) generated content has become increasingly critical due to the growing risk of misuse. Despite the impressive performance of existing detectors, their reliability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Junchao Wu , Yefeng Liu , Chenyu Zhu , Hao Zhang , Zeyu Wu , Tianqi Shi , Yichao Du , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Jinsong Su , Derek F. Wong

Public leaderboards increasingly suggest that large language models (LLMs) surpass human experts on benchmarks spanning academic knowledge, law, and programming. Yet most benchmarks are fully public, their questions widely mirrored across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eshwar Reddy M , Sourav Karmakar