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Soft prompt tuning is a widely studied parameter-efficient fine-tuning method. However, it has a clear drawback: many soft tokens must be inserted into the input sequences to guarantee downstream performance. As a result, soft prompt tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Wei Zhu , Aaron Xuxiang Tian , Congrui Yin , Yuan Ni , Xiaoling Wang , Guotong Xie

The success of large language models has shifted the evaluation paradigms in natural language processing (NLP). The community's interest has drifted towards comparing NLP models across many tasks, domains, and datasets, often at an extreme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Dirk Groeneveld , Anas Awadalla , Iz Beltagy , Akshita Bhagia , Ian Magnusson , Hao Peng , Oyvind Tafjord , Pete Walsh , Kyle Richardson , Jesse Dodge

Many users communicate with chatbots and AI assistants in order to help them with various tasks. A key component of the assistant is the ability to understand and answer a user's natural language questions for question-answering (QA).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Anthony Colas , Trung Bui , Franck Dernoncourt , Moumita Sinha , Doo Soon Kim

Intent, a critical cognitive notion and mental state, is ubiquitous in human communication and problem-solving. Accurately understanding the underlying intent behind questions is imperative to reasoning towards correct answers. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yuwei Yin , Giuseppe Carenini

The adaptation of Large-Scale Language Models (LLMs) to specific domains depends on high-quality fine-tuning datasets, particularly in instructional format (e.g., Question-Answer - Q&A). However, generating these datasets, particularly from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Alex Echeverria , Sávio Salvarino Teles de Oliveira , Fernando Marques Federson

Instruction fine-tuning (IFT) elicits instruction following capabilities and steers the behavior of large language models (LLMs) via supervised learning. However, existing models trained on open-source IFT datasets only have the ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Kuan Wang , Alexander Bukharin , Haoming Jiang , Qingyu Yin , Zhengyang Wang , Tuo Zhao , Jingbo Shang , Chao Zhang , Bing Yin , Xian Li , Jianshu Chen , Shiyang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the unique capability to understand and generate human-like text from input queries. When fine-tuned, these models show enhanced performance on domain-specific queries. OpenAI highlights the process of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Scott Barnett , Zac Brannelly , Stefanus Kurniawan , Sheng Wong

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, instruction tuning has become critical for improving their ability to generate accurate and contextually appropriate responses. Although numerous instruction-tuning datasets have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Jielin Song , Siyu Liu , Bin Zhu , Yanghui Rao

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has rapidly increased the need for high-quality, curated information retrieval datasets. These datasets, however, are currently created with off-the-shelf…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Sameh Khattab , Marie Bauer , Lukas Heine , Till Rostalski , Jens Kleesiek , Julian Friedrich

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved natural language processing (NLP) applications. However, these models often inherit and amplify biases present in their training data. Although several datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Shaina Raza , Mizanur Rahman , Michael R. Zhang

This report examines the fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs), integrating theoretical insights with practical applications. It outlines the historical evolution of LLMs from traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Venkatesh Balavadhani Parthasarathy , Ahtsham Zafar , Aafaq Khan , Arsalan Shahid

Due to limited supervised training data, large language models (LLMs) are typically pre-trained via a self-supervised "predict the next word" objective on a vast amount of unstructured text data. To make the resulting model useful to users,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ajay Patel , Colin Raffel , Chris Callison-Burch

Large language models (LLMs) are initially pretrained for broad capabilities and then finetuned with instruction-following datasets to improve their performance in interacting with humans. Despite advances in finetuning, a standardized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yihan Cao , Yanbin Kang , Chi Wang , Lichao Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution to complement traditional teaching and address global teacher shortages that affect hundreds of millions of children, but they fail to provide grade-appropriate responses for students…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jio Oh , Steven Euijong Whang , James Evans , Jindong Wang

Many fine-grained classification tasks, like rare animal identification, have limited training data and consequently classifiers trained on these datasets often fail to generalize to variations in the domain like changes in weather or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Lisa Dunlap , Alyssa Umino , Han Zhang , Jiezhi Yang , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell

Large language models (LLMs) that are tuned with instructions have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various tasks and languages. However, their ability to generalize to underrepresented languages is limited due to the scarcity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Samuel Cahyawijaya , Holy Lovenia , Tiezheng Yu , Willy Chung , Pascale Fung

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has proven to drastically improve usability and has driven rapid adoption as demonstrated by ChatGPT. Alignment techniques such as supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement…

This paper introduces IGGA, a dataset of 160 industry guidelines and policy statements for the use of Generative AIs (GAIs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) in industry and workplace settings, collected from official company websites, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

We explore the impact of leveraging the relatedness of languages that belong to the same family in NLP models using multilingual fine-tuning. We hypothesize and validate that multilingual fine-tuning of pre-trained language models can yield…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Tejas Indulal Dhamecha , Rudra Murthy , Samarth Bharadwaj , Karthik Sankaranarayanan , Pushpak Bhattacharyya