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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are powerful mathematical models that integrate the biological details of neural systems, but their complexity often makes them computationally expensive and analytically untractable. The firing rate of an SNN…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-15 Zhongyi Wang , Louis Tao , Zhuo-Cheng Xiao

The surrogate gradient (SG) method has shown significant promise in enhancing the performance of deep spiking neural networks (SNNs), but it also introduces vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks. Although spike coding strategies and neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Runhao Jiang , Chengzhi Jiang , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a promising alternative to traditional deep learning methods since they perform event-driven information processing. However, a major drawback of SNNs is high inference latency. The efficiency of SNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Isha Garg , Kaushik Roy

The majority of research in both training Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and modeling learning in biological brains focuses on synaptic plasticity, where learning equates to changing the strength of existing connections. However, in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-13 James C. Knight , Johanna Senk , Thomas Nowotny

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of Spiking Neural Network (SNN) neuron models for hardware acceleration by comparing event driven and clock-driven implementations. We begin our investigation in software, rapidly prototyping…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Filippo Marostica , Alessio Carpegna , Alessandro Savino , Stefano Di Carlo

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) that mimic information transmission in the brain can energy-efficiently process spatio-temporal information through discrete and sparse spikes, thereby receiving considerable attention. To improve accuracy and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Byunggook Na , Jisoo Mok , Seongsik Park , Dongjin Lee , Hyeokjun Choe , Sungroh Yoon

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently emerged as the low-power alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) owing to their asynchronous, sparse, and binary information processing. To improve the energy-efficiency and throughput,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Youngeun Kim , Abhishek Moitra , Priyadarshini Panda

Bio-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are now demonstrating comparable accuracy to intricate convolutional neural networks (CNN), all while delivering remarkable energy and latency efficiency when deployed on neuromorphic hardware. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Gourav Datta , Zeyu Liu , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Peter A. Beerel

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are useful in temporal sequence tasks. However, training RNNs involves dense matrix multiplications which require hardware that can support a large number of arithmetic operations and memory accesses.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Xi Chen , Chang Gao , Zuowen Wang , Longbiao Cheng , Sheng Zhou , Shih-Chii Liu , Tobi Delbruck

Despite numerous proposed designs for superconducting neural networks (SNNs), most have overlooked practical fabrication constraints, leading to implementations limited to only a few neurons or synapses. Current superconducting…

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise higher energy efficiency over conventional Quantized Artificial Neural Networks (QNNs) due to their event-driven, spike-based computation. However, prevailing energy evaluations often oversimplify,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhanglu Yan , Zhenyu Bai , Weng-Fai Wong

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising pathway to implement deep neural networks (DNNs) in a more energy-efficient manner since their neurons are sparsely activated and inferences are event-driven. However, there have been very…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Changze Lv , Jianhan Xu , Xiaoqing Zheng

Compared to conventional artificial neurons that produce dense and real-valued responses, biologically-inspired spiking neurons transmit sparse and binary information, which can also lead to energy-efficient implementations. Recent research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Alexandre Bittar , Philip N. Garner

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been attached great importance due to the distinctive properties of low power consumption, biological plausibility, and adversarial robustness. The most effective way to train deep SNNs is through…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Tong Bu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Recent advances in Voice Activity Detection (VAD) are driven by artificial and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), however, using a VAD system in battery-operated devices requires further power efficiency. This can be achieved by neuromorphic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-01 Flavio Martinelli , Giorgia Dellaferrera , Pablo Mainar , Milos Cernak

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have manifested remarkable advantages in power consumption and event-driven property during the inference process. To take full advantage of low power consumption and improve the efficiency of these models…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jiangrong Shen , Qi Xu , Jian K. Liu , Yueming Wang , Gang Pan , Huajin Tang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been recently integrated into Transformer architectures due to their potential to reduce computational demands and to improve power efficiency. Yet, the implementation of the attention mechanism using…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zihang Song , Prabodh Katti , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

As deep learning models scale, they become increasingly competitive from domains spanning from computer vision to natural language processing; however, this happens at the expense of efficiency since they require increasingly more memory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Fabrizio Ottati , Chang Gao , Qinyu Chen , Giovanni Brignone , Mario R. Casu , Jason K. Eshraghian , Luciano Lavagno

Known as low energy consumption networks, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained a lot of attention within the past decades. While SNNs are increasing competitive with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for vision tasks, they are rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Shuaijie Shen , Chao Wang , Renzhuo Huang , Yan Zhong , Qinghai Guo , Zhichao Lu , Jianguo Zhang , Luziwei Leng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly efficient due to their spike-based activation, which inherently produces bit-sparse computation patterns. Existing hardware implementations of SNNs leverage this sparsity pattern to avoid wasteful…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chiyue Wei , Cong Guo , Feng Cheng , Shiyu Li , Hao "Frank" Yang , Hai "Helen" Li , Yiran Chen