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Discrete diffusion models (DDMs) have shown powerful generation ability for discrete data modalities like text and molecules. However, their practical application is hindered by inefficient sampling, requiring a large number of sampling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Feiyang Fu , Tongxian Guo , Zhaoqiang Liu

Sampling equilibrium distributions is fundamental to statistical mechanics. While flow matching has emerged as scalable state-of-the-art paradigm for generative modeling, its potential for equilibrium sampling in condensed-phase systems…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Emil Hoffmann , Maximilian Schebek , Leon Klein , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal

We study the problem of estimating the score function using both implicit score matching and denoising score matching. Assuming that the data distribution exhibiting a low-dimensional structure, we prove that implicit score matching is able…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-01 Konstantin Yakovlev , Anna Markovich , Nikita Puchkin

Generative models have advanced significantly in sampling material systems with continuous variables, such as atomistic structures. However, their application to discrete variables, like atom types or spin states, remains underexplored. In…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-11-18 Ping Tuo , Zezhu Zeng , Jiale Chen , Bingqing Cheng

The past few years have witnessed the great success of Diffusion models~(DMs) in generating high-fidelity samples in generative modeling tasks. A major limitation of the DM is its notoriously slow sampling procedure which normally requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Qinsheng Zhang , Yongxin Chen

Efficient and stable solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) is central to scientific and engineering applications, yet existing numerical solvers rely heavily on matrix based discretizations, while learning based methods require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yi Bing , Zheng Ran , Fu Jinyang , Liu Long , Peng Xiang

The slow iterative sampling nature remains a major bottleneck for the practical deployment of diffusion and flow-based generative models. While consistency models (CMs) represent a state-of-the-art distillation-based approach for efficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Linwei Dong , Ruoyu Guo , Ge Bai , Zehuan Yuan , Yawei Luo , Changqing Zou

Denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) have achieved high quality image generation without adversarial training, yet they require simulating a Markov chain for many steps to produce a sample. To accelerate sampling, we present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Jiaming Song , Chenlin Meng , Stefano Ermon

Energy-based models (EBMs) are versatile density estimation models that directly parameterize an unnormalized log density. Although very flexible, EBMs lack a specified normalization constant of the model, making the likelihood of the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Louis Grenioux , Éric Moulines , Marylou Gabrié

Diffusion-based generative models (DBGMs) perturb data to a target noise distribution and reverse this process to generate samples. The choice of noising process, or inference diffusion process, affects both likelihoods and sample quality.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Raghav Singhal , Mark Goldstein , Rajesh Ranganath

The density estimation is one of the core problems in statistics. Despite this, existing techniques like maximum likelihood estimation are computationally inefficient due to the intractability of the normalizing constant. For this reason an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-14 Tsimboy Olga , Yermek Kapushev , Evgeny Burnaev , Ivan Oseledets

Score matching (SM) provides a compelling approach to learn energy-based models (EBMs) by avoiding the calculation of partition function. However, it remains largely open to learn energy-based latent variable models (EBLVMs), except some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Fan Bao , Chongxuan Li , Kun Xu , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

We study the problem of training neural stochastic differential equations, or diffusion models, to sample from a Boltzmann distribution without access to target samples. Existing methods for training such models enforce time-reversal of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Julius Berner , Lorenz Richter , Marcin Sendera , Jarrid Rector-Brooks , Nikolay Malkin

Diffusion models generate samples through an iterative denoising process, guided by a neural network. While training the denoiser on real-world data is computationally demanding, the sampling procedure itself is more flexible. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Constant Bourdrez , Alexandre Vérine , Olivier Cappé

It is well known that training a denoising score-based diffusion models requires tens of thousands of epochs and a substantial number of image data to train the model. In this paper, we propose to increase the efficiency in training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Andrew S. Na , William Gao , Justin W. L. Wan

Recent score-based diffusion models (SBDMs) show promising results in unpaired image-to-image translation (I2I). However, existing methods, either energy-based or statistically-based, provide no explicit form of the interfered intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Shikun Sun , Longhui Wei , Junliang Xing , Jia Jia , Qi Tian

Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) have led to staggering performance leaps in image generation, editing and restoration. However, existing DDMs use very large datasets for training. Here, we introduce a framework for training a DDM on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Vladimir Kulikov , Shahar Yadin , Matan Kleiner , Tomer Michaeli

We present a novel method for training score-based generative models which uses nonlinear noising dynamics to improve learning of structured distributions. Generalizing to a nonlinear drift allows for additional structure to be incorporated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-10 Jeremiah Birrell , Markos A. Katsoulakis , Luc Rey-Bellet , Benjamin J. Zhang , Wei Zhu

Energy-based models (EBMs) have experienced a resurgence within machine learning in recent years, including as a promising alternative for probabilistic regression. However, energy-based regression requires a proposal distribution to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Martin Danelljan , Thomas B. Schön

Discrete diffusion models form a powerful class of generative models across diverse domains, including text and graphs. However, existing approaches face fundamental limitations. Masked diffusion models suffer from irreversible errors due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Marcel Kollovieh , Sirine Ayadi , Stephan Günnemann