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Deploying AI-powered systems requires trustworthy models supporting effective human interactions, going beyond raw prediction accuracy. Concept bottleneck models promote trustworthiness by conditioning classification tasks on an…

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to produce inherently interpretable models that rely on human-understandable concepts for their predictions. However, existing approaches to design interpretable generative models based on CBMs are not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Akshay Kulkarni , Ge Yan , Chung-En Sun , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tsui-Wei Weng

Representing a true label as a one-hot vector is a common practice in training text classification models. However, the one-hot representation may not adequately reflect the relation between the instances and labels, as labels are often not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Biyang Guo , Songqiao Han , Xiao Han , Hailiang Huang , Ting Lu

Concept-based eXplainable AI (C-XAI) is a rapidly growing research field that enhances AI model interpretability by leveraging intermediate, human-understandable concepts. This approach not only enhances model transparency but also enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Francesco De Santis , Gabriele Ciravegna , Philippe Bich , Danilo Giordano , Tania Cerquitelli

Deep learning approaches have recently been extensively explored for the prognostics of industrial assets. However, they still suffer from a lack of interpretability, which hinders their adoption in safety-critical applications. To improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Florent Forest , Katharina Rombach , Olga Fink

Accurately assessing student knowledge is central to education. Cognitive Diagnosis (CD) models estimate student proficiency at a fixed point in time, while Knowledge Tracing (KT) methods model evolving knowledge states to predict future…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Antonin Berthon , Mihaela van der Schaar

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to improve model interpretability by predicting human level "concepts" in a bottleneck within a deep learning model architecture. However, how the predicted concepts are used in predicting the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Matthew Shen , Aliyah Hsu , Abhineet Agarwal , Bin Yu

The widespread adoption of deep learning models in computer vision has intensified concerns about interpretability. Despite strong performance, these models are often treated as black boxes, with limited systematic investigation of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Diego Marcos

Many unsupervised hashing methods are implicitly established on the idea of reconstructing the input data, which basically encourages the hashing codes to retain as much information of original data as possible. However, this requirement…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Zexuan Qiu , Qinliang Su , Zijing Ou , Jianxing Yu , Changyou Chen

Although concept-based models promise interpretability by explaining predictions with human-understandable concepts, they typically rely on exhaustive annotations and treat concepts as flat and independent. To circumvent this, recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Oscar Hill , Mateo Espinosa Zarlenga , Mateja Jamnik

Interpretability is a crucial factor in building reliable models for various medical applications. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enable interpretable image classification by utilizing human-understandable concepts as intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Injae Kim , Jongha Kim , Joonmyung Choi , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Due to the high stakes in medical decision-making, there is a compelling demand for interpretable deep learning methods in medical image analysis. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) have emerged as an active interpretable framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yibo Gao , Zheyao Gao , Xin Gao , Yuanye Liu , Bomin Wang , Xiahai Zhuang

The main challenges limiting the adoption of deep learning-based solutions in medical workflows are the availability of annotated data and the lack of interpretability of such systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the latter by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Cristiano Patrício , Isabel Rio-Torto , Jaime S. Cardoso , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Class distribution mismatch (CDM) refers to the discrepancy between class distributions in training data and target tasks. Previous methods address this by designing classifiers to categorize classes known during training, while grouping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Pan Du , Wangbo Zhao , Xinai Lu , Nian Liu , Zhikai Li , Chaoyu Gong , Suyun Zhao , Hong Chen , Cuiping Li , Kai Wang , Yang You

In recent years, Visual Anomaly Detection (VAD) has gained significant attention due to its ability to identify defects using only normal images during training. Many VAD models work without supervision but are still able to provide visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arianna Stropeni , Valentina Zaccaria , Francesco Borsatti , Davide Dalle Pezze , Manuel Barusco , Gian Antonio Susto

Machine learning models that incorporate concept learning as an intermediate step in their decision making process can match the performance of black-box predictive models while retaining the ability to explain outcomes in human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Anita Mahinpei , Justin Clark , Isaac Lage , Finale Doshi-Velez , Weiwei Pan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become indispensable tools in science, technology, and society, enabling transformative advances across diverse fields. However, errors or outdated information within these models can undermine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Qizhou Chen , Chengyu Wang , Taolin Zhang , Xiaofeng He

In recent years, self-supervised learning has played a pivotal role in advancing machine learning by allowing models to acquire meaningful representations from unlabeled data. An intriguing research avenue involves developing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Denis Janiak , Jakub Binkowski , Piotr Bielak , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict a student's future performance based on their sequence of interactions with learning content. Many KT models rely on knowledge concepts (KCs), which represent the skills required for each item.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Reward Models (CB-RM), a reward modeling framework that enables interpretable preference learning through selective concept annotation. Unlike standard RLHF methods that rely on opaque reward functions, CB-RM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sonia Laguna , Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Julia E. Vogt , Mihaela Van der Schaar