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Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hanbin Hong , Shuya Feng , Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Jingyu Zhang , Biying Liu , Ali Arastehfard , Heqing Huang , Yuan Hong

LLM-as-a-Judge (LaaJ) is a novel paradigm in which powerful language models are used to assess the quality, safety, or correctness of generated outputs. While this paradigm has significantly improved the scalability and efficiency of…

Recent progress in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been driven by the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), which exhibit remarkable generative and reasoning capabilities. However, despite their success, evaluating the true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Mikel Zubillaga , Naiara Perez , Oscar Sainz , German Rigau

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across domains and applications but face challenges such as high fine-tuning costs, inference latency, limited edge deployability, and reliability concerns. Small language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Fali Wang , Jihai Chen , Shuhua Yang , Ali Al-Lawati , Linli Tang , Hui Liu , Suhang Wang

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) to assist clinicians has attracted remarkable attention. Existing works mainly adopt the close-ended question-answering (QA) task with answer options for evaluation. However, many clinical…

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving into agentic systems that reason, plan, and operate external tools. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a key enabler of this transition, offering a standardized interface for connecting LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xuanjun Zong , Zhiqi Shen , Lei Wang , Yunshi Lan , Chao Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, driving their adoption across a wide range of domains, including computer security. In reverse engineering, LLMs are increasingly applied to critical tasks such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jun Yeon Won , Xin Jin , Shiqing Ma , Zhiqiang Lin

As LLMs achieved breakthroughs in general reasoning, their proficiency in specialized scientific domains reveals pronounced gaps in existing benchmarks due to data contamination, insufficient complexity, and prohibitive human labor costs.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Peiyao Xiao , Xiaogang Li , Chengliang Xu , Jiayi Wang , Ben Wang , Zichao Chen , Zeyu Wang , Kejun Yu , Yueqian Chen , Xulin Liu , Wende Xiao , Bing Zhao , Hu Wei

Jailbreak attacks cause large language models (LLMs) to generate harmful, unethical, or otherwise objectionable content. Evaluating these attacks presents a number of challenges, which the current collection of benchmarks and evaluation…

We introduce seqBench, a parametrized benchmark for probing sequential reasoning limits in Large Language Models (LLMs) through precise, multi-dimensional control over several key complexity dimensions. seqBench allows systematic variation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Mohammad Ramezanali , Mo Vazifeh , Paolo Santi

Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress made in large language models (LLMs). Such advancements, while garnering significant attention, have concurrently elicited various concerns. The potential of these models is undeniably vast;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Tianhao Shen , Renren Jin , Yufei Huang , Chuang Liu , Weilong Dong , Zishan Guo , Xinwei Wu , Yan Liu , Deyi Xiong

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance in capabilities, ensuring their safety against jailbreak attacks remains a critical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a novel safety alignment approach called Answer-Then-Check, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Chentao Cao , Xiaojun Xu , Bo Han , Hang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now commonplace in conversation applications. However, their risks of misuse for generating harmful responses have raised serious societal concerns and spurred recent research on LLM conversation safety.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Zhichen Dong , Zhanhui Zhou , Chao Yang , Jing Shao , Yu Qiao

Small Language Models (SLMs) offer computational efficiency and accessibility, yet a systematic evaluation of their performance and environmental impact remains lacking. We introduce SLM-Bench, the first benchmark specifically designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nghiem Thanh Pham , Tung Kieu , Duc-Manh Nguyen , Son Ha Xuan , Nghia Duong-Trung , Danh Le-Phuoc

The rapid proliferation of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has introduced unprecedented security challenges, particularly in phishing detection within academic environments. Academic institutions and researchers are high-value…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingzhuo Zhou

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly power applications used by children and adolescents, ensuring safe and age-appropriate interactions has become an urgent ethical imperative. Despite progress in AI safety, current evaluations…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , Abhejay Murali , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

Large Language Models increasingly power critical infrastructure from healthcare to finance, yet their vulnerability to adversarial manipulation threatens system integrity and user safety. Despite growing deployment, no comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Taiwo Onitiju , Iman Vakilinia

Studying the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) to unsafe behaviors is an important topic of research today. Building safety classification models or guard models, which are fine-tuned models for input/output safety classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Sowmya Vajjala

Software testing is a crucial phase in the software life cycle, helping identify potential risks and reduce maintenance costs. With the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), researchers have proposed an increasing number of LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Quanjun Zhang , Ye Shang , Chunrong Fang , Siqi Gu , Jianyi Zhou , Zhenyu Chen

Despite the remarkable proficiency of \textit{Large Reasoning Models} (LRMs) in handling complex reasoning tasks, their reliability in safety-critical scenarios remains uncertain. Existing evaluations primarily assess response-level safety,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Baihui Zheng , Boren Zheng , Kerui Cao , Yingshui Tan , Zhendong Liu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , Wenbo Su , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zheng , Kaifu Zhang