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We present a novel view of nonlinear manifold learning using derivative-free optimization techniques. Specifically, we propose an extension of the classical multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) method, where instead of performing gradient…

Most Machine Learning (ML) methods, from clustering to classification, rely on a distance function to describe relationships between datapoints. For complex datasets it is hard to avoid making some arbitrary choices when defining a distance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-04 Gina Gruenhage , Manfred Opper , Simon Barthelme

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a dimensionality reduction technique for microbial ecology data analysis that represents the multivariate structure while preserving pairwise distances between samples. While its improvement has enhanced…

We present the MDS feature learning framework, in which multidimensional scaling (MDS) is applied on high-level pairwise image distances to learn fixed-length vector representations of images. The aspects of the images that are captured by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-06-17 Quan Wang , Kim L. Boyer

This study proposes median consensus embedding (MCE) to address variability in low-dimensional embeddings caused by random initialization in nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques such as $t$-distributed stochastic neighbor…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-10 Yui Tomo , Daisuke Yoneoka

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is one of the first fundamental manifold learning methods. It can be categorized into several methods, i.e., classical MDS, kernel classical MDS, metric MDS, and non-metric MDS. Sammon mapping and Isomap can…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-18 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Classical multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a method for visualizing high-dimensional point clouds by mapping to low-dimensional Euclidean space. This mapping is defined in terms of eigenfunctions of a matrix of interpoint dissimilarities.…

Applications · Statistics 2008-11-11 Persi Diaconis , Sharad Goel , Susan Holmes

We propose a novel multi-scale template matching method which is robust against both scaling and rotation in unconstrained environments. The key component behind is a similarity measure referred to as scalable diversity similarity (SDS).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Yi Zhang , Chao Zhang , Takuya Akashi

We introduce Non-Euclidean-MDS (Neuc-MDS), an extension of classical Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) that accommodates non-Euclidean and non-metric inputs. The main idea is to generalize the standard inner product to symmetric bilinear forms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Chengyuan Deng , Jie Gao , Kevin Lu , Feng Luo , Hongbin Sun , Cheng Xin

We develop a formal statistical framework for classical multidimensional scaling (CMDS) applied to noisy dissimilarity data. We establish distributional convergence results for the embeddings produced by CMDS for various noise models, which…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Siddharth Vishwanath , Ery Arias-Castro

Deep-feature-based perceptual similarity models have demonstrated strong alignment with human visual perception in Image Quality Assessment (IQA). However, most existing approaches operate at a single spatial scale, implicitly assuming that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Danling Kang , Xue-Hua Chen , Bin Liu , Keke Zhang , Weiling Chen , Tiesong Zhao

Metric embedding has become a common technique in the design of algorithms. Its applicability is often dependent on how high the embedding's distortion is. For example, embedding finite metric space into trees may require linear distortion…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Yair Bartal , Manor Mendel

Multidimensional scaling is an important dimension reduction tool in statistics and machine learning. Yet few theoretical results characterizing its statistical performance exist, not to mention any in high dimensions. By considering a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-30 Xiucai Ding , Qiang Sun

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is widely used to reconstruct a low-dimensional representation of high-dimensional data while preserving pairwise distances. However, Bayesian MDS approaches based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) face…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-26 Jiarui Zhang , Jiguo Cao , Liangliang Wang

The landmark multi-dimensional scaling (LMDS) is a leading method that embeds new points to an existing coordinate system based on observed distance information. It has long been known as a variant of Nystr\"{o}m algorithm. It was recently…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Ting Ouyang , Lingchen Kong , Houduo Qi

Given a matrix $D$ describing the pairwise dissimilarities of a data set, a common task is to embed the data points into Euclidean space. The classical multidimensional scaling (cMDS) algorithm is a widespread method to do this. However,…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Rishi Sonthalia , Gregory Van Buskirk , Benjamin Raichel , Anna C. Gilbert

The cognitive framework of conceptual spaces proposes to represent concepts as regions in psychological similarity spaces. These similarity spaces are typically obtained through multidimensional scaling (MDS), which converts human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Lucas Bechberger , Kai-Uwe Kühnberger

Multidimensional scaling visualizes dissimilarities among objects and reduces data dimensionality. While many methods address symmetric proximity data, asymmetric and especially three-way proximity data (capturing relationships across…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-21 Aleix Alcacer , Rafael Benitez , Vicente J. Bolos , Irene Epifanio

The recent rapid growth of the dimension of many datasets means that many approaches to dimension reduction (DR) have gained significant attention. High-performance DR algorithms are required to make data analysis feasible for big and fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Samudra Herath , Matthew Roughan , Gary Glonek

Progressive dimensionality reduction algorithms allow for visually investigating intermediate results, especially for large data sets. While different algorithms exist that progressively increase the number of data points, we propose an…

Graphics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Marina Evers , David Hägele , Sören Döring , Daniel Weiskopf