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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become powerful tools for annotating unstructured data. However, most existing workflows rely on ad hoc scripts, making reproducibility, robustness, and systematic evaluation difficult. To address these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Eric Fithian , Kirill Skobelev

From professional research to everyday planning, many tasks are bottlenecked by wide-scale information seeking, which is more repetitive than cognitively complex. With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), automated search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Ryan Wong , Jiawei Wang , Junjie Zhao , Li Chen , Yan Gao , Long Zhang , Xuan Zhou , Zuo Wang , Kai Xiang , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Yang Wang , Ke Wang

Agentic systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in tackling complex, long-horizon tasks. However, their efficacy is fundamentally constrained by static configurations governing agent behaviors,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jingqi Zhou , Sheng Wang , DeZhao Deng , Junwen Lu , Junwei Su , Qintong Li , Jiahui Gao , Hao Wu , Jiyue Jiang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Existing benchmarks that assess Language Models (LMs) as Language Agents (LAs) for tool use primarily focus on stateless, single-turn interactions or partial evaluations, such as tool selection in a single turn, overlooking the inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hongru Wang , Wenyu Huang , Yufei Wang , Yuanhao Xi , Jianqiao Lu , Huan Zhang , Nan Hu , Zeming Liu , Jeff Z. Pan , Kam-Fai Wong

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has spurred significant interest in tool learning, where LLMs are augmented with external tools to tackle complex tasks. However, existing tool environments face challenges in balancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Zhicheng Guo , Sijie Cheng , Yuchen Niu , Hao Wang , Sicheng Zhou , Wenbing Huang , Yang Liu

Automated evaluation of tool-using large language model (LLM) agents is widely assumed to be reliable, but this assumption has rarely been validated against human annotation. We introduce AgentProp-Bench, a 2,000-task benchmark with 2,300…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bhaskar Gurram

Recent advances have shown that multimodal large language models (MLLMs) benefit from multimodal interleaved chain-of-thought (CoT) with vision tool interactions. However, existing open-source models often exhibit blind tool-use reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Chaoyang Wang , Kaituo Feng , Dongyang Chen , Zhongyu Wang , Zhixun Li , Sicheng Gao , Meng Meng , Xu Zhou , Manyuan Zhang , Yuzhang Shang , Xiangyu Yue

This paper introduces AnyTrans, an all-encompassing framework for the task-Translate AnyText in the Image (TATI), which includes multilingual text translation and text fusion within images. Our framework leverages the strengths of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhipeng Qian , Pei Zhang , Baosong Yang , Kai Fan , Yiwei Ma , Derek F. Wong , Xiaoshuai Sun , Rongrong Ji

We introduce Agentic Reasoning, a framework that enhances large language model (LLM) reasoning by integrating external tool-using agents. Agentic Reasoning dynamically leverages web search, code execution, and structured memory to address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Junde Wu , Jiayuan Zhu , Yuyuan Liu , Min Xu , Yueming Jin

There is a growing need for Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively use tools and external Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to plan and complete tasks. As such, there is tremendous interest in methods that can acquire…

Large language models excel as conversational agents, but their capabilities can be further extended through tool usage, i.e.: executable code, to enhance response accuracy or address specialized domains. Current approaches to enable tool…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Roberto Gallotta , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming how people find information, and many users turn nowadays to chatbots to obtain answers to their questions. Despite the instant access to abundant information that LLMs offer, it is still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jamshid Mozafari , Bhawna Piryani , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Adam Jatowt

Tool use has turned large language models (LLMs) into powerful agents that can perform complex multi-step tasks by dynamically utilising external software components. However, these tools must be implemented in advance by human developers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Georg Wölflein , Dyke Ferber , Daniel Truhn , Ognjen Arandjelović , Jakob Nikolas Kather

With the growth of large language models, now incorporating billions of parameters, the hardware prerequisites for their training and deployment have seen a corresponding increase. Although existing tools facilitate model parallelization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Matthew Choi , Muhammad Adil Asif , John Willes , David Emerson

Recent large language models (LLMs) are promising for making decisions in grounded environments. However, LLMs frequently fail in complex decision-making tasks due to the misalignment between the pre-trained knowledge in LLMs and the actual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Siqi Ouyang , Lei Li

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated success in enhancing LLM reasoning capabilities, but remains limited to single-turn interactions without tool integration. While recent Agentic Reinforcement Learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Dongfu Jiang , Yi Lu , Zhuofeng Li , Zhiheng Lyu , Ping Nie , Haozhe Wang , Alex Su , Hui Chen , Kai Zou , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Wenhu Chen

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in tackling a broad range of tasks. However, existing methods are mainly restricted to specifically designed tools and fail to fulfill complex instructions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Yifan Song , Weimin Xiong , Dawei Zhu , Wenhao Wu , Han Qian , Mingbo Song , Hailiang Huang , Cheng Li , Ke Wang , Rong Yao , Ye Tian , Sujian Li

Agentic web search increasingly faces two distinct demands: deep reasoning over a single target, and structured aggregation across many entities and heterogeneous sources. Current systems struggle on both fronts. Breadth-oriented tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yuxuan Huang , Yihang Chen , Zhiyuan He , Yuxiang Chen , Ka Yiu Lee , Huichi Zhou , Weilin Luo , Meng Fang , Jun Wang

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance, inspiring researchers to explore their use in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation and improving hardware design efficiency. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Xiao Xiao , Wenming Li , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan

Intelligent assistants powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate program and test code with high accuracy, boosting developers' and testers' productivity. However, there is a lack of studies exploring LLMs for testing Web APIs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-09 André Pereira , Bruno Lima , João Pascoal Faria