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Current quantum computers suffer from a level of noise that prohibits extracting useful results directly from longer computations. The figure of merit in many near-term quantum algorithms is an expectation value measured at the end of the…

Readout errors are among the most dominant errors on current noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Recently, an efficient and scaleable method for mitigating such errors has been developed, based on classical bit-flip correction. In…

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

Richardson extrapolation is a classical technique from numerical analysis that can improve the approximation error of an estimation method by combining linearly several estimates obtained from different values of one of its hyperparameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Francis Bach

Accurate noise estimation is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing, as decoding performance depends critically on the fidelity of the circuit-level noise parameters. In this work, we introduce a differentiable Maximum Likelihood…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Hanyan Cao , Dongyang Feng , Cheng Ye , Feng Pan

The number of measurements demanded by hybrid quantum-classical algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is prohibitively high for many problems of practical value. For such problems, realizing quantum advantage will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Guoming Wang , Dax Enshan Koh , Peter D. Johnson , Yudong Cao

Noise and errors are inevitable parts of any practical implementation of a quantum computer. As a result, large-scale quantum computation will require ways to detect and correct errors on quantum information. Here, we present such a quantum…

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) strategies are essential for improving the precision and reliability of quantum chemistry algorithms on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Reference-state error mitigation (REM) is a cost-effective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-22 Hang Zou , Erika Magnusson , Hampus Brunander , Werner Dobrautz , Martin Rahm

A quantum computer -- i.e., a computer capable of manipulating data in quantum superposition -- would find applications including factoring, quantum simulation and tests of basic quantum theory. Since quantum superpositions are fragile, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ben W. Reichardt

Correcting errors due to noise in quantum circuits run on current and near-term quantum hardware is essential for any convincing demonstration of quantum advantage. Indeed, in many cases it has been shown that noise renders quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-08 Rawad Mezher , James Mills , Elham Kashefi

Noise remains a fundamental challenge in quantum computing, significantly affecting pulse fidelity and overall circuit performance. This paper introduces an adaptive algorithm for pulse-level quantum error mitigation, designed to enhance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-27 William Aguilar-Calvo , Santiago Núñez-Corrales

Numerous quantum error-mitigation protocols have been proposed, motivated by the critical need to suppress noise effects on intermediate-scale quantum devices. Yet, their general potential and limitations remain elusive. In particular, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Ryuji Takagi , Hiroyasu Tajima , Mile Gu

Efficient suppression of errors without full error correction is crucial for applications with NISQ devices. Error mitigation allows us to suppress errors in extracting expectation values without the need for any error correction code, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-10 Gideon Lee , Connor T. Hann , Shruti Puri , S. M. Girvin , Liang Jiang

Quantum Error Mitigation (EM) is a collection of strategies to reduce errors on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices on which proper quantum error correction is not feasible. One of such strategies aimed at mitigating noise…

In the emergent realm of quantum computing, the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) stands out as a promising algorithm for solving complex quantum problems, especially in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Subhasree Bhattacharjee , Soumyadip Sarkar , Kunal Das , Bikramjit Sarkar

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is a class of promising techniques capable of reducing the computational error of variational quantum algorithms tailored for current noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. The recently proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Yifeng Xiong , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Precise quantum expectation values are crucial for quantum algorithm development, but noise in real-world systems can degrade these estimations. While quantum error correction is resource-intensive, error mitigation strategies offer a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-31 Touheed Anwar Atif , Reuben Blake Tate , Stephan Eidenbenz

Achieving near-term quantum advantage will require accurate estimation of quantum observables despite significant hardware noise. For this purpose, we propose a novel, scalable error-mitigation method that applies to gate-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-01 Piotr Czarnik , Andrew Arrasmith , Patrick J. Coles , Lukasz Cincio

Noise in quantum hardware is the primary obstacle to realizing the transformative potential of quantum computing. Quantum error mitigation (QEM) offers a promising pathway to enhance computational accuracy on near-term devices, yet existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Zhenyu Chen , Bin Cheng , Minbo Gao , Xiaodie Lin , Ruiqi Zhang , Zhaohui Wei , Zhengfeng Ji

The success of the current generation of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware shows that quantum hardware may be able to tackle complex problems even without error correction. One outstanding issue is that of coherent errors…