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A prompt is a sequence of symbol or tokens, selected from a vocabulary according to some rule, which is prepended/concatenated to a textual query. A key problem is how to select the sequence of tokens: in this paper we formulate it as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Antonio Sabbatella , Andrea Ponti , Antonio Candelieri , Ilaria Giordani , Francesco Archetti

Recent research explores optimization using large language models (LLMs) by either iteratively seeking next-step solutions from LLMs or directly prompting LLMs for an optimizer. However, these approaches exhibit inherent limitations,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Zeyuan Ma , Hongshu Guo , Jiacheng Chen , Guojun Peng , Zhiguang Cao , Yining Ma , Yue-Jiao Gong

Bayesian optimization (BO) has gained attention as an efficient algorithm for black-box optimization of expensive-to-evaluate systems, where the BO algorithm iteratively queries the system and suggests new trials based on a probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Eike Cramer , Luis Kutschat , Oliver Stollenwerk , Joel A. Paulson , Alexander Mitsos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, motivating researchers to investigate their potential use in recommendation systems. However, directly applying LLMs to recommendation tasks has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhuoxi Bai , Ning Wu , Fengyu Cai , Xinyi Zhu , Yun Xiong

Meta-black-box optimization has been significantly advanced through the use of large language models (LLMs), yet in fancy on constrained evolutionary optimization. In this work, AwesomeDE is proposed that leverages LLMs as the strategy of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Xu Yang , Rui Wang , Kaiwen Li , Wenhua Li , Weixiong Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance as general purpose agents, but their abilities remain highly dependent on prompts which are hand written with onerous trial-and-error effort. We propose a simple and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Reid Pryzant , Dan Iter , Jerry Li , Yin Tat Lee , Chenguang Zhu , Michael Zeng

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a prominent approach to optimizing expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions. The massive computational capability of edge devices such as mobile phones, coupled with privacy concerns, has led to a surging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Zhongxiang Dai , Kian Hsiang Low , Patrick Jaillet

Combinatorial optimization (CO) is essential for improving efficiency and performance in engineering applications. As complexity increases with larger problem sizes and more intricate dependencies, identifying the optimal solution become…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Shuo Jiang , Min Xie , Jianxi Luo

Traditional optimization methods excel in well-defined search spaces but struggle with design problems where transformations and design parameters are difficult to define. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising alternative by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Anthony Carreon , Vansh Sharma , Venkat Raman

Bayesian optimization (BO) has emerged during the last few years as an effective approach to optimizing black-box functions where direct queries of the objective are expensive. In this paper we consider the case where direct access to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-04-13 Javier Gonzalez , Zhenwen Dai , Andreas Damianou , Neil D. Lawrence

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a well-established method to optimize black-box functions whose direct evaluations are costly. In this paper, we tackle the problem of incorporating expert knowledge into BO, with the goal of further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Daolang Huang , Louis Filstroff , Petrus Mikkola , Runkai Zheng , Samuel Kaski

Bayesian optimization (BO) aims to minimize a given blackbox function using a model that is updated whenever new evidence about the function becomes available. Here, we address the problem of BO under partially right-censored response data,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-10-09 Frank Hutter , Holger Hoos , Kevin Leyton-Brown

The acquisition function, a critical component in Bayesian optimization (BO), can often be written as the expectation of a utility function under a surrogate model. However, to ensure that acquisition functions are tractable to optimize,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Jiaming Song , Lantao Yu , Willie Neiswanger , Stefano Ermon

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities, but still struggle with complex reasoning tasks requiring multiple steps. While prompt-based methods like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) can improve LLM reasoning at inference time,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Haolin Chen , Yihao Feng , Zuxin Liu , Weiran Yao , Akshara Prabhakar , Shelby Heinecke , Ricky Ho , Phil Mui , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Huan Wang

Optimization algorithms and large language models (LLMs) enhance decision-making in dynamic environments by integrating artificial intelligence with traditional techniques. LLMs, with extensive domain knowledge, facilitate intelligent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Sen Huang , Kaixiang Yang , Sheng Qi , Rui Wang

Bayesian Optimization (BO) is a popular framework for optimizing black-box functions. Despite its effectiveness, BO is often inefficient for high-dimensional problems due to the exponential growth of the search space, heterogeneity of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Sourav Das , Debjani Chakraborty , Pabitra Mitra

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a widely popular approach for the hyperparameter optimization (HPO) in machine learning. At its core, BO iteratively evaluates promising configurations until a user-defined budget, such as wall-clock time or…

We consider the problem of optimizing expensive black-box functions over high-dimensional combinatorial spaces which arises in many science, engineering, and ML applications. We use Bayesian Optimization (BO) and propose a novel surrogate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Aryan Deshwal , Sebastian Ament , Maximilian Balandat , Eytan Bakshy , Janardhan Rao Doppa , David Eriksson

Optimal prompt selection is crucial for maximizing large language model (LLM) performance on downstream tasks, especially in black-box settings where models are only accessible via APIs. Black-box prompt selection is challenging due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Lennart Schneider , Martin Wistuba , Aaron Klein , Jacek Golebiowski , Giovanni Zappella , Felice Antonio Merra

BayesianOptimization(BO) is a sample-efficient black-box optimizer, and extensive methods have been proposed to build the absolute function response of the black-box function through a probabilistic surrogate model, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Xiaoxing Wang , Jiaxing Li , Chao Xue , Wei Liu , Weifeng Liu , Xiaokang Yang , Junchi Yan , Dacheng Tao