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When estimating area means, direct estimators based on area-specific data, are usually consistent under the sampling design without model assumptions. However, they are inefficient if the area sample size is small. In small area estimation,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-05 William Acero , Isabel Molina , J. Miguel Marín

Plant biomass estimation is critical due to the variability of different environmental factors and crop management practices associated with it. The assessment is largely impacted by the accurate prediction of different environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Syeda Nyma Ferdous , Xin Li , Kamalakanta Sahoo , Richard Bergman

Relating forest productivity to local variations in forest structure has been a long-standing challenge. Previous studies often focused on the connection between forest structure and stand-level photosynthesis (GPP). However, biomass…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-20 Samuel M. Fischer , Xugao Wang , Andreas Huth

Spatial two-component mixture models offer a robust framework for analyzing spatially correlated data with zero inflation. To circumvent potential biases introduced by assuming a specific distribution for the response variables, we employ a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-17 Chung-Wei Shen , Bu-Ren Hsu , Chia-Ming Hsu , Chun-Shu Chen

We aim to identify the spatial distribution of vegetation and its growth dynamics with the purpose of obtaining a qualitative assessment of vegetation characteristics tied to its condition, productivity and health, and to land degradation.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-09-16 Hediye Yarahmadi , Yves Desille , John Goold , Francesca Pietracaprina

Accurate estimation of forest biomass, a major carbon sink, relies heavily on tree-level traits such as height and species. Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) capturing high-resolution imagery from a single RGB camera offer a cost-effective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jannik Endres , Etienne Laliberté , David Rolnick , Arthur Ouaknine

In many cases, a machine learning model must learn to correctly predict a few data points with particular values of interest in a broader range of data where many target values are zero. Zero-inflated data can be found in diverse scenarios,…

The two-level normal hierarchical model (NHM) has played a critical role in the theory of small area estimation (SAE), one of the growing areas in statistics with numerous applications in different disciplines. In this paper, we address…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-01-17 Masayo Yoshimori Hirose , Partha Lahiri

Large-scale delineation of individual trees from remote sensing imagery is crucial to the advancement of ecological research, particularly as climate change and other environmental factors rapidly transform forest landscapes across the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Michelle Chen , David Russell , Amritha Pallavoor , Derek Young , Jane Wu

Estimating health indicators for restricted sub-populations is a recurring challenge in epidemiology and public health. When survey data are used, Small Area Estimation (SAE) methods can improve precision by borrowing strength across…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-28 Aldo Gardini , Lorenzo Mori

This study aimed at estimating total forest above-ground net change (Delta AGB, Mt) over five years (2014-2019) based on model-assisted estimation utilizing freely available satellite imagery. The study was conducted for a boreal forest…

Fine-resolution maps of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) effectively represent spatial patterns and can be flexibly aggregated to map subregions by computing spatial averages or totals of pixel-level predictions. However, generalized…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-15 Lucas K. Johnson , Grant M Domke , Stephen V Stehman , Michael J Mahoney , Colin M Beier

In large-area forest inventories a trade-off between the amount of data to be sampled and the costs of collecting the data is necessary. It is not always possible to have a very large data sample when dealing with sampling-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Jonne Pohjankukka , Sakari Tuominen , Jukka Heikkonen

Analysis of high-dimensional data, where the number of covariates is larger than the sample size, is a topic of current interest. In such settings, an important goal is to estimate the signal level $\tau^2$ and noise level $\sigma^2$, i.e.,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-07-26 Ilan Livne

We propose a random forest estimator for the intensity of spatial point processes, applicable with or without covariates. It retains the well-known advantages of a random forest approach, including the ability to handle a large number of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-13 Christophe Biscio , Frédéric Lavancier

Where the response variable in a big data set is consistent with the variable of interest for small area estimation, the big data by itself can provide the estimates for small areas. These estimates are often subject to the coverage and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-10 Siu-Ming Tam , Shaila Sharmeen

Producing reliable estimates of health and demographic indicators at fine areal scales is crucial for examining heterogeneity and supporting localized health policy. However, many surveys release outcomes only at coarser administrative…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-05 Yunhan Wu , Finn Lindgren , Heidi A. Hanson

Estimating characteristics of domains (referred to as small areas) within a population from sample surveys of the population is an important problem in survey statistics. In this paper, we consider model-based small area estimation under…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Ziyang Lyu , A. H. Welsh

Accurate estimation of forest biomass is crucial for monitoring carbon sequestration and informing climate change mitigation strategies. Existing methods often rely on allometric models, which estimate individual tree biomass by relating it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Habib Pourdelan , Zhengkang Xiang , Hugh Stewart , Cam Nicholson , Martin Tomko , Kourosh Khoshelham

We introduce a new small area predictor when the Fay-Herriot normal error model is fitted to a logarithmically transformed response variable, and the covariate is measured with error. This framework has been previously studied by Mosaferi…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-23 Sepideh Mosaferi , Malay Ghosh , Shonosuke Sugasawa