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The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

Public benchmarks play an essential role in the evaluation of large language models. However, data contamination can lead to inflated performance, rendering them unreliable for model comparison. It is therefore crucial to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Martin Vechev

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant progress in various areas, such as text generation and code synthesis. However, the reliability of performance evaluation has come under scrutiny due to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yuxing Cheng , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Data contamination in model evaluation has become increasingly prevalent with the growing popularity of large language models. It allows models to "cheat" via memorisation instead of displaying true capabilities. Therefore, contamination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yucheng Li , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

The problem of data contamination is now almost inevitable during the development of large language models (LLMs), with the training data commonly integrating those evaluation benchmarks even unintentionally. This problem subsequently makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ruijie Hou , Yueyang Jiao , Hanxu Hu , Yingming Li , Wai Lam , Huajian Zhang , Hongyuan Lu

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has significantly enhanced performance across benchmarks. However, data contamination-unintentional memorization of benchmark data during model training-poses critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dingjie Song , Sicheng Lai , Mingxuan Wang , Shunian Chen , Lichao Sun , Benyou Wang

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years, abundant new opportunities are emerging, but also new challenges, among which contamination is quickly becoming critical. Business applications and fundraising in Artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mathieu Ravaut , Bosheng Ding , Fangkai Jiao , Hailin Chen , Xingxuan Li , Ruochen Zhao , Chengwei Qin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly exposed to data contamination, i.e., performance gains driven by prior exposure of test datasets rather than generalization. However, in the context of tabular data, this problem is largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Matteo Silvestri , Fabiano Veglianti , Flavio Giorgi , Fabrizio Silvestri , Gabriele Tolomei

Leaderboards for LRMs have turned evaluation into a competition, incentivizing developers to optimize directly on benchmark suites. A shortcut to achieving higher rankings is to incorporate evaluation benchmarks into the training data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Han Wang , Haoyu Li , Brian Ko , Huan Zhang

Publishing a large language model (LLM) benchmark on the Internet risks contaminating future LLMs: the benchmark may be unintentionally (or intentionally) used to train or select a model. A common mitigation is to keep the benchmark private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Ishida , Thanawat Lodkaew , Ikko Yamane

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

Large language models are increasingly trained on all the data ever produced by humans. Many have raised concerns about the trustworthiness of public benchmarks due to potential contamination in pre-training or fine-tuning datasets. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Shuo Yang , Wei-Lin Chiang , Lianmin Zheng , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Data contamination in model evaluation is getting increasingly prevalent as the massive training corpora of large language models often unintentionally include benchmark samples. Therefore, contamination analysis has became an inevitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Yucheng Li

As large language models achieve increasingly impressive results, questions arise about whether such performance is from generalizability or mere data memorization. Thus, numerous data contamination detection methods have been proposed.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Vinay Samuel , Yue Zhou , Henry Peng Zou

Benchmark contamination poses a significant challenge to the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluations, as it is difficult to assert whether a model has been trained on a test set. We introduce a solution to this problem by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Saeed Mahloujifar , Alain Durmus , Chuan Guo

Large language models (LLMs) are known to be trained on vast amounts of data, which may unintentionally or intentionally include data from commonly used benchmarks. This inclusion can lead to cheatingly high scores on model leaderboards,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Huixuan Zhang , Yun Lin , Xiaojun Wan

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on numerous benchmark tasks. However, the use of internet-scale, often proprietary, pretraining corpora raises a critical concern for both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jaden Park , Mu Cai , Feng Yao , Jingbo Shang , Soochahn Lee , Yong Jae Lee

Large language models are trained on vast amounts of internet data, prompting concerns and speculation that they have memorized public benchmarks. Going from speculation to proof of contamination is challenging, as the pretraining data used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Yonatan Oren , Nicole Meister , Niladri Chatterji , Faisal Ladhak , Tatsunori B. Hashimoto

Data contamination undermines the validity of Large Language Model evaluation by enabling models to rely on memorized benchmark content rather than true generalization. While prior work has proposed contamination detection methods, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chaymaa Abbas , Nour Shamaa , Mariette Awad

While large language models have achieved remarkable performance on various code generation benchmarks, there have been growing concerns regarding potential contamination of these benchmarks as they may be leaked into pretraining and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Martin Riddell , Ansong Ni , Arman Cohan
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