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A well-known problem when learning from user clicks are inherent biases prevalent in the data, such as position or trust bias. Click models are a common method for extracting information from user clicks, such as document relevance in web…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Romain Deffayet , Philipp Hager , Jean-Michel Renders , Maarten de Rijke

Reranking algorithms have made progress in improving document retrieval quality by efficiently aggregating relevance judgments generated by large language models (LLMs). However, identifying relevant documents for queries that require…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jerry Huang , Siddarth Madala , Cheng Niu , Julia Hockenmaier , Tong Zhang

This study investigates the position bias in information retrieval, where models tend to overemphasize content at the beginning of passages while neglecting semantically relevant information that appears later. To analyze the extent and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ziyang Zeng , Dun Zhang , Jiacheng Li , Panxiang Zou , Yudong Zhou , Yuqing Yang

An effective ranking model usually requires a large amount of training data to learn the relevance between documents and queries. User clicks are often used as training data since they can indicate relevance and are cheap to collect, but…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Xiaojie Sun , Lulu Yu , Yiting Wang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo

Societal biases that are contained in retrieved documents have received increased interest. Such biases, which are often prevalent in the training data and learned by the model, can cause societal harms, by misrepresenting certain groups,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Maria Heuss , Daniel Cohen , Masoud Mansoury , Maarten de Rijke , Carsten Eickhoff

In this work, we propose a theory for information matching. It is motivated by the observation that retrieval is about the relevance matching between two sets of properties (features), namely, the information need representation and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-06-04 Jagadeesh Gorla , Stephen Robertson , Jun Wang , Tamas Jambor

Clicks on rankings suffer from position-bias: generally items on lower ranks are less likely to be examined - and thus clicked - by users, in spite of their actual preferences between items. The prevalent approach to unbiased click-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Harrie Oosterhuis

Traditional machine-learned ranking systems for web search are often trained to capture stationary relevance of documents to queries, which has limited ability to track non-stationary user intention in a timely manner. In recency search,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-03-22 Taesup Moon , Wei Chu , Lihong Li , Zhaohui Zheng , Yi Chang

We introduce a new model for online ranking in which the click probability factors into an examination and attractiveness function and the attractiveness function is a linear function of a feature vector and an unknown parameter. Only…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-28 Shuai Li , Tor Lattimore , Csaba Szepesvári

Besides position bias, which has been well-studied, trust bias is another type of bias prevalent in user interactions with rankings: users are more likely to click incorrectly w.r.t. their preferences on highly ranked items because they…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Ali Vardasbi , Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

Search engines intentionally influence user behavior by picking and ranking the list of results. Users engage with the highest results both because of their prominent placement and because they are typically the most relevant documents.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Richard Demsyn-Jones

Most efforts in interpreting neural relevance models have focused on local explanations, which explain the relevance of a document to a query but are not useful in predicting the model's behavior on unseen query-document pairs. We propose a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Youngwoo Kim , Razieh Rahimi , James Allan

Learning to rank with biased click data is a well-known challenge. A variety of methods has been explored to debias click data for learning to rank such as click models, result interleaving and, more recently, the unbiased learning-to-rank…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Qingyao Ai , Keping Bi , Cheng Luo , Jiafeng Guo , W. Bruce Croft

Supervised machine learning models and their evaluation strongly depends on the quality of the underlying dataset. When we search for a relevant piece of information it may appear anywhere in a given passage. However, we observe a bias in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Sebastian Hofstätter , Aldo Lipani , Sophia Althammer , Markus Zlabinger , Allan Hanbury

We introduce a novel latent grouping model for predicting the relevance of a new document to a user. The model assumes a latent group structure for both users and documents. We compared the model against a state-of-the-art method, the User…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-07-09 Eerika Savia , Kai Puolamaki , Janne Sinkkonen , Samuel Kaski

When applying learning to rank algorithms to Web search, a large number of features are usually designed to capture the relevance signals. Most of these features are computed based on the extracted textual elements, link analysis, and user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-10-20 Yixing Fan , Jiafeng Guo , Yanyan Lan , Jun Xu , Liang Pang , Xueqi Cheng

In any ranking system, the retrieval model outputs a single score for a document based on its belief on how relevant it is to a given search query. While retrieval models have continued to improve with the introduction of increasingly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Daniel Cohen , Bhaskar Mitra , Oleg Lesota , Navid Rekabsaz , Carsten Eickhoff

Currently, the quality of a search engine is often determined using so-called topical relevance, i.e., the match between the user intent (expressed as a query) and the content of the document. In this work we want to draw attention to two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-01-27 Aleksandr Chuklin , Maarten de Rijke

Click data collected by modern recommendation systems are an important source of observational data that can be utilized to train learning-to-rank (LTR) systems. However, these data suffer from a number of biases that can result in poor…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Zohreh Ovaisi , Ragib Ahsan , Yifan Zhang , Kathryn Vasilaky , Elena Zheleva

We study how standard auction objectives in sponsored search markets change with refinements in the prediction of the relevance (click-through rates) of ads. We study mechanisms that optimize for a convex combination of efficiency and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Mukund Sundararajan , Inbal Talgam-Cohen