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In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism to normalize metamorphic and obfuscated malware down at the opcode level and hence create an advanced metamorphic malware de-obfuscation and defense system. We name this system DRLDO, for Deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Mohit Sewak , Sanjay K. Sahay , Hemant Rathore

Digital systems find it challenging to keep up with cybersecurity threats. The daily emergence of more than 560,000 new malware strains poses significant hazards to the digital ecosystem. The traditional malware detection methods fail to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Abrar Fahim , Shamik Dey , Md. Nurul Absur , Md Kamrul Siam , Md. Tahmidul Huque , Jafreen Jafor Godhuli

Malware detection have used machine learning to detect malware in programs. These applications take in raw or processed binary data to neural network models to classify as benign or malicious files. Even though this approach has proven…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Xiruo Wang , Risto Miikkulainen

Machine learning based malware detection techniques rely on grayscale images of malware and tends to classify malware based on the distribution of textures in graycale images. Albeit the advancement and promising results shown by machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Sanket Shukla

Modern commercial antivirus systems increasingly rely on machine learning to keep up with the rampant inflation of new malware. However, it is well-known that machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples (AEs). Previous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Wei Song , Xuezixiang Li , Sadia Afroz , Deepali Garg , Dmitry Kuznetsov , Heng Yin

Deep learning-based adversarial malware detectors have yielded promising results in detecting never-before-seen malware executables without relying on expensive dynamic behavior analysis and sandbox. Despite their abilities, these detectors…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-28 James Lee Hu , Mohammadreza Ebrahimi , Weifeng Li , Xin Li , Hsinchun Chen

Deep Learning (DL)-based malware detectors are increasingly adopted for early detection of malicious behavior in cybersecurity. However, their sensitivity to adversarial malware variants has raised immense security concerns. Generating such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-06 James Lee Hu , Mohammadreza Ebrahimi , Hsinchun Chen

Machine learning (ML) models that learn and predict properties of computer programs are increasingly being adopted and deployed. These models have demonstrated success in applications such as auto-completing code, summarizing large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Shashank Srikant , Sijia Liu , Tamara Mitrovska , Shiyu Chang , Quanfu Fan , Gaoyuan Zhang , Una-May O'Reilly

Malicious software (malware) is a major cyber threat that has to be tackled with Machine Learning (ML) techniques because millions of new malware examples are injected into cyberspace on a daily basis. However, ML is vulnerable to attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Deqiang Li , Qianmu Li , Yanfang Ye , Shouhuai Xu

Malware constitutes a major global risk affecting millions of users each year. Standard algorithms in detection systems perform insufficiently when dealing with malware passed through obfuscation tools. We illustrate this studying in detail…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Alberto Redondo , David Rios Insua

As the number and complexity of malware attacks continue to increase, there is an urgent need for effective malware detection systems. While deep learning models are effective at detecting malware, they are vulnerable to adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Mahesh Datta Sai Ponnuru , Likhitha Amasala , Tanu Sree Bhimavarapu , Guna Chaitanya Garikipati

Research shows that over the last decade, malware has been growing exponentially, causing substantial financial losses to various organizations. Different anti-malware companies have been proposing solutions to defend attacks from these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Hemant Rathore , Swati Agarwal , Sanjay K. Sahay , Mohit Sewak

As machine-learning (ML) based systems for malware detection become more prevalent, it becomes necessary to quantify the benefits compared to the more traditional anti-virus (AV) systems widely used today. It is not practical to build an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-14 William Fleshman , Edward Raff , Richard Zak , Mark McLean , Charles Nicholas

Deep learning malware detectors achieve high classification accuracy but suffer from severe interpretability limitations, typically returning probabilistic verdicts that lack forensic context. We introduce AsmRAG, a framework performing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 ElMouatez Billah Karbab

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful approach for malware detection, demonstrating impressive accuracy across various data representations. However, these models face critical limitations in real-world, non-stationary environments where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Pawan Acharya , Lan Zhang

Antivirus developers are increasingly embracing machine learning as a key component of malware defense. While machine learning achieves cutting-edge outcomes in many fields, it also has weaknesses that are exploited by several adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Matouš Kozák , Martin Jureček

Attacks on machine learning models have been extensively studied through stateless optimization. In this paper, we demonstrate how a reinforcement learning (RL) agent can learn a new class of attack algorithms that generate adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Kyle Domico , Jean-Charles Noirot Ferrand , Ryan Sheatsley , Eric Pauley , Josiah Hanna , Patrick McDaniel

Recently researchers have proposed using deep learning-based systems for malware detection. Unfortunately, all deep learning classification systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Previous work has studied adversarial attacks against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Jack W. Stokes , De Wang , Mady Marinescu , Marc Marino , Brian Bussone

With the rapid growth of malware attacks, more antivirus developers consider deploying machine learning technologies into their productions. Researchers and developers published various machine learning-based detectors with high precision…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Matthew Crawford , Wei Wang , Ruoxi Sun , Minhui Xue

In recent years, deep learning has shown performance breakthroughs in many applications, such as image detection, image segmentation, pose estimation, and speech recognition. However, this comes with a major concern: deep networks have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-11 Felix Kreuk , Assi Barak , Shir Aviv-Reuven , Moran Baruch , Benny Pinkas , Joseph Keshet