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In this work, we investigate methods for the challenging task of translating between low-resource language pairs that exhibit some level of similarity. In particular, we consider the utility of transfer learning for translating between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Wei-Rui Chen , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) aim towards robust natural language understanding across diverse languages, yet their performance significantly degrades on low-resource languages. This work explores whether existing techniques to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Soumen Kumar Mondal , Sayambhu Sen , Abhishek Singhania , Preethi Jyothi

We investigate different approaches to translate between similar languages under low resource conditions, as part of our contribution to the WMT 2020 Similar Languages Translation Shared Task. We submitted Transformer-based bilingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Ife Adebara , El Moatez Billah Nagoudi , Muhammad Abdul Mageed

LLMs are predominantly trained on English data, which leads to a significant drop in performance on low-resource languages. Understanding how LLMs handle these languages is crucial for improving their effectiveness. This study focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Taaha Saleem Bajwa

LLMs are increasingly being deployed for multilingual applications and have demonstrated impressive translation capabilities between several low and high-resource languages. An aspect of translation that often gets overlooked is that of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Pushpdeep Singh , Mayur Patidar , Lovekesh Vig

While multilingual language models (MLMs) have been trained on 100+ languages, they are typically only evaluated across a handful of them due to a lack of available test data in most languages. This is particularly problematic when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Rochelle Choenni , Sara Rajaee , Christof Monz , Ekaterina Shutova

Given a document in a source language, cross-lingual summarization (CLS) aims at generating a concise summary in a different target language. Unlike monolingual summarization (MS), naturally occurring source-language documents paired with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Jiaan Wang , Fandong Meng , Yunlong Liang , Tingyi Zhang , Jiarong Xu , Zhixu Li , Jie Zhou

Bilingual and multilingual language models offer a promising path toward scaling NLP systems across diverse languages and users. However, their performance often varies wildly between languages as prior works show that adding more languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Skyler Seto , Maartje ter Hoeve , Maureen de Seyssel , David Grangier

While large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities at task-specific applications through fine-tuning, extending these benefits across diverse languages is essential for broad accessibility. However, effective cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Danni Liu , Jan Niehues

Large language models have achieved impressive progress in multilingual translation, yet they continue to face challenges with certain language pairs-particularly those with limited training data or significant linguistic divergence from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yumeng Lin , Xufeng Duan , David Haslett , Yige Chen , Zhenguang G. Cai

Several multilingual benchmark datasets have been developed in a semi-automatic manner in the recent past to measure progress and understand the state-of-the-art in the multilingual capabilities of Large Language Models. However, there is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Chalamalasetti Kranti , Gabriel Bernier-Colborne , Yvan Gauthier , Sowmya Vajjala

Most safety evaluations of large language models (LLMs) remain anchored in English. Translation is often used as a shortcut to probe multilingual behavior, but it rarely captures the full picture, especially when harmful intent or structure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Vaibhav Shukla , Hardik Sharma , Adith N Reganti , Soham Wasmatkar , Bagesh Kumar , Vrijendra Singh

This paper investigates the reference-less evaluation of machine translation for low-resource language pairs, known as quality estimation (QE). Segment-level QE is a challenging cross-lingual language understanding task that provides a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Archchana Sindhujan , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orasan , Shenbin Qian

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has redefined Machine Translation (MT), enabling context-aware and fluent translations across hundreds of languages and textual domains. Despite their remarkable capabilities, LLMs often exhibit…

Cross-lingual transfer has become an effective way of transferring knowledge between languages. In this paper, we explore an often overlooked aspect in this domain: the influence of the source language of a language model on language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Wondimagegnhue Tsegaye Tufa , Ilia Markov , Piek Vossen

Despite impressive empirical successes of neural machine translation (NMT) on standard benchmarks, limited parallel data impedes the application of NMT models to many language pairs. Data augmentation methods such as back-translation make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Chunting Zhou , Xuezhe Ma , Junjie Hu , Graham Neubig

Machine-translated data is widely used in multilingual NLP, particularly when native text is scarce. However, translated text differs systematically from native text. This phenomenon is known as translationese, and it reflects both traces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jenny Kunz

Translate-test is a popular technique to improve the performance of multilingual language models. This approach works by translating the input into English using an external machine translation system, and running inference over the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Julen Etxaniz , Gorka Azkune , Aitor Soroa , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Mikel Artetxe

Despite their popularity in non-English NLP, multilingual language models often underperform monolingual ones due to inter-language competition for model parameters. We propose Cross-lingual Expert Language Models (X-ELM), which mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Terra Blevins , Tomasz Limisiewicz , Suchin Gururangan , Margaret Li , Hila Gonen , Noah A. Smith , Luke Zettlemoyer

Pre-trained multilingual language models show significant performance gains for zero-shot cross-lingual model transfer on a wide range of natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. Previously, for zero-shot cross-lingual evaluation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Lifu Tu , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou