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The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is crucial to assess their performance and mitigate potential security risks. In this paper, we introduce PromptBench, a unified library to evaluate LLMs. It consists of several key components…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Kaijie Zhu , Qinlin Zhao , Hao Chen , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie

Prompt optimization and fine-tuning are two major approaches to improve the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). They enhance the capabilities of LLMs from complementary perspectives: the former through explicit natural language,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiaohe Bo , Rui Li , Zexu Sun , Quanyu Dai , Zeyu Zhang , Zihang Tian , Xu Chen , Zhenhua Dong

Context: In the fast-paced evolution of software development, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become indispensable tools for tasks such as code generation, completion, analysis, and bug fixing. Ensuring the robustness of these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yang Liu , Armstrong Foundjem , Xingfang Wu , Heng Li , Foutse Khomh

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success across diverse tasks, and fine-tuning is sometimes needed to further enhance generation quality. Most existing methods rely on human supervision or parameter retraining, both of which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhen-Yu Zhang , Jiandong Zhang , Huaxiu Yao , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Protein language models are a powerful tool for learning protein representations through pre-training on vast protein sequence datasets. However, traditional protein language models lack explicit structural supervision, despite its…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-09 Zuobai Zhang , Jiarui Lu , Vijil Chenthamarakshan , Aurélie Lozano , Payel Das , Jian Tang

Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS), which leverages image-level labels, has garnered significant attention due to its cost-effectiveness. The previous methods mainly strengthen the inter-class differences to avoid class semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Wangyu Wu , Xianglin Qiu , Siqi Song , Xiaowei Huang , Fei Ma , Jimin Xiao

This study addresses the issues of semantic entanglement, unclear label structure, and insufficient feature representation in few-shot text classification, and proposes an optimization framework based on structured prompts to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jiasen Zheng , Zijun Zhou , Huajun Zhang , Junjiang Lin , Jingyun Jia , Qi Wang

Finding relevant and high-quality datasets to train machine learning models is a major bottleneck for practitioners. Furthermore, to address ambitious real-world use-cases there is usually the requirement that the data come labelled with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Georgios Papadopoulos , Fran Silavong , Sean Moran

Software documentation is essential for program comprehension, developer onboarding, code review, and long-term maintenance. Yet producing quality documentation manually is time-consuming and frequently yields incomplete or inconsistent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Afia Farjana , Zaiyu Cheng , Antonio Mastropaolo

Large language models (LLMs) are advanced AI systems applied across various domains, including NLP, information retrieval, and recommendation systems. Despite their adaptability and efficiency, LLMs have not been extensively explored for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Harshith Manjunath , Lucas Heublein , Tobias Feigl , Felix Ott

Fine-tuned pre-trained language models (LMs) have achieved enormous success in many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but they still require excessive labeled data in the fine-tuning stage. We study the problem of fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Yue Yu , Simiao Zuo , Haoming Jiang , Wendi Ren , Tuo Zhao , Chao Zhang

This paper explores the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for sequential recommendation, which predicts users' future interactions based on their past behavior. We introduce a new concept, "Integrating Recommendation Systems as a New…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Kai Zheng , Qingfeng Sun , Can Xu , Peng Yu , Qingwei Guo

This study investigates the reliability of code generation by Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on identifying and analyzing defects in the generated code. Despite the advanced capabilities of LLMs in automating code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Length control in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a crucial but under-addressed challenge, with applications ranging from voice interfaces requiring concise responses to research summaries needing comprehensive outputs. Current approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Adewale Akinfaderin , Shreyas Subramanian , Akarsha Sehwag

Recently, prompt tuning \cite{lester2021power} has gradually become a new paradigm for NLP, which only depends on the representation of the words by freezing the parameters of pre-trained language models (PLMs) to obtain remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Pan He , Yuxi Chen , Yan Wang , Yanru Zhang

A prior-informed large language model (LLM) driven multi-task learning framework is proposed for the unified description of multiple nuclear observables. By fine-tuning the pre-trained DeepSeek-R1-1.5B model with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA),…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-05-29 S. J. Guo , S. Y. Wang , E. H. Wang , Z. M. Niu , Y. M. Ding

Story understanding and generation have long been a challenging task in natural language processing (NLP), especially when dealing with various levels of instruction specificity. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called "Weak to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yangshu Yuan , Heng Chen , Christian Ng

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in generating high-quality responses. In order to achieve better alignment with LLMs with human preference, various works are proposed based on specific optimization process, which, however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Zhuo Li , Yuhao Du , Jinpeng Hu , Xiang Wan , Anningzhe Gao

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied in various applications due to their astonishing capabilities. With advancements in technologies such as chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting and in-context learning (ICL), the prompts fed to LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Despite recent progress, reinforcement learning (RL)-based fine-tuning of diffusion models often struggles with generalization, composability, and robustness against reward hacking. Recent studies have explored prompt refinement as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Suhyeon Lee , Jong Chul Ye