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Deterministic flow models, such as rectified flows, offer a general framework for learning a deterministic transport map between two distributions, realized as the vector field for an ordinary differential equation (ODE). However, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Saurabh Singh , Ian Fischer

We provide new convergence guarantees in Wasserstein distance for diffusion-based generative models, covering both stochastic (DDPM-like) and deterministic (DDIM-like) sampling methods. We introduce a simple framework to analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Eliot Beyler , Francis Bach

Diffusion models have exhibited excellent performance in various domains. The probability flow ordinary differential equation (ODE) of diffusion models (i.e., diffusion ODEs) is a particular case of continuous normalizing flows (CNFs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Kaiwen Zheng , Cheng Lu , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu

Learning probabilistic surrogates for partial differential equations remains challenging in data-scarce regimes: neural operators require large amounts of high-fidelity data, while generative approaches typically sacrifice resolution…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-18 Sahil Bhola , Karthik Duraisamy

Beyond their impressive sampling capabilities, score-based diffusion models offer a powerful analysis tool in the form of unbiased density estimation of a query sample under the training data distribution. In this work, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Marius Arvinte , Cory Cornelius , Jason Martin , Nageen Himayat

The Normalizing Flow (NF) models a general probability density by estimating an invertible transformation applied on samples drawn from a known distribution. We introduce a new type of NF, called Deep Diffeomorphic Normalizing Flow (DDNF).…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-26 Hadi Salman , Payman Yadollahpour , Tom Fletcher , Kayhan Batmanghelich

Score-based generative models have emerged as a powerful approach for sampling high-dimensional probability distributions. Despite their effectiveness, their theoretical underpinnings remain relatively underdeveloped. In this work, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Daniel Zhengyu Huang , Jiaoyang Huang , Zhengjiang Lin

Diffusion probabilistic models generate samples by learning to reverse a noise-injection process that transforms data into noise. A key development is the reformulation of the reverse sampling process as a deterministic probability flow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Daniel Zhengyu Huang , Jiaoyang Huang , Zhengjiang Lin

Generative AI (GenAI) has revolutionized data-driven modeling by enabling the synthesis of high-dimensional data across various applications, including image generation, language modeling, biomedical signal processing, and anomaly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yao Xie , Xiuyuan Cheng

Flow matching has recently emerged as a promising alternative to diffusion-based generative models, offering faster sampling and simpler training by learning continuous flows governed by ordinary differential equations. Despite growing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mudit Gaur , Prashant Trivedi , Shuchin Aeron , Amrit Singh Bedi , George K. Atia , Vaneet Aggarwal

Diffusion and flow matching models generate high-fidelity data by simulating paths defined by Ordinary or Stochastic Differential Equations (ODEs/SDEs), starting from a tractable prior distribution. The probability flow ODE formulation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Liangyu Yuan , Ruoyu Wang , Tong Zhao , Dingwen Fu , Mingkun Lei , Beier Zhu , Chi Zhang

Diffusion models approximate the denoising distribution as a Gaussian and predict its mean, whereas flow matching models reparameterize the Gaussian mean as flow velocity. However, they underperform in few-step sampling due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hansheng Chen , Kai Zhang , Hao Tan , Zexiang Xu , Fujun Luan , Leonidas Guibas , Gordon Wetzstein , Sai Bi

Diffusion models, which convert noise into new data instances by learning to reverse a diffusion process, have become a cornerstone in contemporary generative modeling. In this work, we develop non-asymptotic convergence theory for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Gen Li , Yuting Wei , Yuejie Chi , Yuxin Chen

In this work, we explore the theoretical properties of conditional deep generative models under the statistical framework of distribution regression where the response variable lies in a high-dimensional ambient space but concentrates…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Shivam Kumar , Yun Yang , Lizhen Lin

Generating samples given a specific label requires estimating conditional distributions. We derive a tractable upper bound of the Wasserstein distance between conditional distributions to lay the theoretical groundwork to learn conditional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-29 Young-geun Kim , Kyungbok Lee , Youngwon Choi , Joong-Ho Won , Myunghee Cho Paik

We provide the first polynomial-time convergence guarantees for the probability flow ODE implementation (together with a corrector step) of score-based generative modeling. Our analysis is carried out in the wake of recent results obtaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Sitan Chen , Sinho Chewi , Holden Lee , Yuanzhi Li , Jianfeng Lu , Adil Salim

A generative model based on a continuous-time normalizing flow between any pair of base and target probability densities is proposed. The velocity field of this flow is inferred from the probability current of a time-dependent density that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Michael S. Albergo , Eric Vanden-Eijnden

Recently, Gaussian processes have been used to model the vector field of continuous dynamical systems, referred to as GPODEs, which are characterized by a probabilistic ODE equation. Bayesian inference for these models has been extensively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jian Xu , Shian Du , Junmei Yang , Xinghao Ding , John Paisley , Delu Zeng

Macroscopic traffic flow is stochastic, but the physics-informed deep learning methods currently used in transportation literature embed deterministic PDEs and produce point-valued outputs; the stochasticity of the governing dynamics plays…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Wuping Xin

We develop novel neural network-based implicit particle methods to compute high-dimensional Wasserstein-type gradient flows with linear and nonlinear mobility functions. The main idea is to use the Lagrangian formulation in the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-14 Wonjun Lee , Li Wang , Wuchen Li