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We introduce APPL (Abstract Program Property Logic), a unifying Hoare-style logic that subsumes standard Hoare logic, incorrectness logic, and several variants of Hyper Hoare logic. APPL provides a principled foundation for abstract program…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Paolo Baldan , Roberto Bruni , Francesco Ranzato , Diletta Rigo

Existing refinement calculi provide frameworks for the stepwise development of imperative programs from specifications. This paper presents a refinement calculus for deriving logic programs. The calculus contains a wide-spectrum logic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ian Hayes , Robert Colvin , David Hemer , Paul Strooper , Ray Nickson

We show that a partial-correctness assertion about an iterative program is provable in Hoare Logic iffit is provable in standard second-order logic with comprehension restricted to first-order predicates. This equivalence was claimed twice…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Daniel Leivant

We present a so-called labelling method to insert cost annotations in a higher-order functional program, to certify their correctness with respect to a standard compilation chain to assembly code including safe memory management, and to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2013-01-17 Roberto M. Amadio , Yann Regis-Gianas

In this paper, we present a Hoare-style logic for reasoning about quantum programs with classical variables. Our approach offers several improvements over previous work: (1) Enhanced expressivity of the programming language: Our logic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mingsheng Ying

The verification community has studied dynamic data structures primarily in a bottom-up way by analyzing pointers and the shapes induced by them. Recent work in fields such as separation logic has made significant progress in extracting…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-07-10 Diego Calvanese , Tomer Kotek , Mantas Šimkus , Helmut Veith , Florian Zuleger

Logic has proved essential for formally modeling software based systems. Such formal descriptions, frequently called specifications, have served not only as requirements documentation and formalisation, but also for providing the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Carlos G. Lopez Pombo , Thomas S. E. Maibaum

A simple dynamically-typed, (purely) object-oriented language is defined. A structural operational semantics as well as a Hoare-style program logic for reasoning about programs in the language in multiple notions of correctness are given.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-01-12 Björn Engelmann , Ernst-Rüdiger Olderog

Hoare logic provides a syntax-oriented method to reason about program correctness and has been proven effective in the verification of classical and probabilistic programs. Existing proposals for quantum Hoare logic either lack completeness…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Yuan Feng , Mingsheng Ying

In relational verification, judicious alignment of computational steps facilitates proof of relations between programs using simple relational assertions. Relational Hoare logics (RHL) provide compositional rules that embody various…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Anindya Banerjee , Ramana Nagasamudram , David A. Naumann

Abstract interpretation, Hoare logic, and incorrectness (or reverse Hoare) logic are powerful techniques for static analysis of computer programs. All of them have been successfully extended to the quantum setting, but largely developed in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Yuan Feng , Sanjiang Li

We propose a probabilistic Hoare logic aHL based on the union bound, a tool from basic probability theory. While the union bound is simple, it is an extremely common tool for analyzing randomized algorithms. In formal verification terms,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Gilles Barthe , Marco Gaboardi , Benjamin Grégoire , Justin Hsu , Pierre-Yves Strub

Hoare-style program logics are a popular and effective technique for software verification. Relational program logics are an instance of this approach that enables reasoning about relationships between the execution of two or more programs.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Robert Dickerson , Qianchuan Ye , Michael K. Zhang , Benjamin Delaware

Designing scalable concurrent objects, which can be efficiently used on multicore processors, often requires one to abandon standard specification techniques, such as linearizability, in favor of more relaxed consistency requirements.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-07-22 Ilya Sergey , Aleksandar Nanevski , Anindya Banerjee , German Andres Delbianco

In probabilistic reasoning, the traditionally discrete domain has been elevated to the hybrid domain encompassing additionally continuous random variables. Inference in the hybrid domain, however, usually necessitates to condone trade-offs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires , Anton Dries , Luc De Raedt

Building on our previous work on hybrid polyadic modal logic we identify modal logic equivalents for Matching Logic, a logic for program specification and verification. This provides a rigorous way to transfer results between the two…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Ioana Leuştean , Natalia Moangă , Traian Florin Şerbănuţă

Relational Hoare logics (RHL) provide rules for reasoning about relations between programs. Several RHLs include a rule we call sequential product that infers a relational correctness judgment from judgments of ordinary Hoare logic (HL).…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Ramana Nagasamudram , David A. Naumann

Program correctness (in imperative and functional programming) splits in logic programming into correctness and completeness. Completeness means that a program produces all the answers required by its specification. Little work has been…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-11-13 Wlodzimierz Drabent

Relational Hoare logics extend the applicability of modular, deductive verification to encompass important 2-run properties including dependency requirements such as confidentiality and program relations such as equivalence or similarity…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-19 David A. Naumann

Separation logic is a recent extension of Hoare logic for reasoning about programs with references to shared mutable data structures. In this paper, we provide a new interpretation of the logic for a programming language with higher types.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Lars Birkedal , Hongseok Yang