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Inspired by the recent success of transformers in natural language processing and computer vision applications, we introduce a transformer-based neural architecture for two key StarCraft II (SC2) macromanagement tasks: global state and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Muhammad Junaid Khan , Shah Hassan , Gita Sukthankar

In real-time strategy (RTS) game artificial intelligence research, various multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) algorithms are widely and actively used nowadays. Most of the research is based on StarCraft II environment because…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Won Joon Yun , Sungwon Yi , Joongheon Kim

As large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning abilities in structured tasks (e.g., coding and mathematics), we explore whether these abilities extend to strategic multi-agent environments. We investigate strategic…

General Economics · Economics 2025-10-23 Gavin Kader , Dongwoo Lee

The large language models represented by ChatGPT have a disruptive impact on the field of artificial intelligence. But it mainly focuses on natural language processing, speech recognition, machine learning and natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Y. Sun , J. Zhao , C. Yu , W. Wang , X. Zhou

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in certain reasoning tasks, they struggle in multi-agent games where the final outcome depends on the joint strategies of all agents. In multi-agent games, the non-stationarity of other agents brings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yidong He , Yutao Lai , Pengxu Yang , Jiarui Gan , Jiexin Wang , Yi Cai , Mengchen Zhao

Recent embodied agents are primarily built based on reinforcement learning (RL) or large language models (LLMs). Among them, RL agents are efficient for deployment but only perform very few tasks. By contrast, giant LLM agents (often more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Zhuoling Li , Xiaogang Xu , Zhenhua Xu , SerNam Lim , Hengshuang Zhao

Benchmarks are crucial for assessing multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms. While StarCraft II-related environments have driven significant advances in MARL, existing benchmarks like SMAC focus primarily on micromanagement,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Xingxing Hong , Yungong Wang , Dexin Jin , Ye Yuan , Ximing Huang , Zijian Wu , Wenxin Li

Large multi-agent systems such as real-time strategy games are often driven by collective behavior of agents. For example, in StarCraft II, human players group spatially near agents into a team and control the team to defeat opponents. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Beomseok Kang , Saibal Mukhopadhyay

This work examines the integration of large language models (LLMs) into multi-agent simulations by replacing the hard-coded programs of agents with LLM-driven prompts. The proposed approach is showcased in the context of two examples of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Cristian Jimenez-Romero , Alper Yegenoglu , Christian Blum

Efficiently modeling and exploiting opponents is a long-standing challenge in adversarial domains. Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on extensive textual data have recently demonstrated outstanding performance in general tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Shuai Xu , Sijia Cui , Yanna Wang , Bo Xu , Qi Wang

Embodied AI focuses on the study and development of intelligent systems that possess a physical or virtual embodiment (i.e. robots) and are able to dynamically interact with their environment. Memory and control are the two essential parts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jinjie Mai , Jun Chen , Bing Li , Guocheng Qian , Mohamed Elhoseiny , Bernard Ghanem

The growing popularity of social deduction games has created an increasing need for intelligent frameworks where humans can collaborate with AI agents, particularly in post-pandemic contexts with heightened psychological and social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Qihui Fan , Wenbo Li , Enfu Nan , Yixiao Chen , Lei Lu , Pu Zhao , Yanzhi Wang

In this study, we propose LLM agents as a novel approach in behavioral strategy research, complementing simulations and laboratory experiments to advance our understanding of cognitive processes in decision-making. Specifically, we…

General Economics · Economics 2024-10-10 Daniel Albert , Stephan Billinger

Robot swarms are composed of many simple robots that communicate and collaborate to fulfill complex tasks. Robot controllers usually need to be specified by experts on a case-by-case basis via programming code. This process is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Volker Strobel , Marco Dorigo , Mario Fritz

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been applied successfully to multi-agent scenarios. Typically, these methods rely on a concatenation of agent states to represent the information content required for decentralized…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Maximilian Hüttenrauch , Adrian Šošić , Gerhard Neumann

LLM-driven multi-agent-based simulations have been gaining traction with applications in game-theoretic and social simulations. While most implementations seek to exploit or evaluate LLM-agentic reasoning, they often do so with a weak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Vince Trencsenyi , Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis

Large Language Models (LLMs) based agents have demonstrated remarkable potential in autonomous task-solving across complex, open-ended environments. A promising approach for improving the reasoning capabilities of LLM agents is to better…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Siyu Xia , Zekun Xu , Jiajun Chai , Wentian Fan , Yan Song , Xiaohan Wang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional potential in complex reasoning,pioneering a new paradigm for autonomous agent decision making in dynamic settings. However, in Real-Time Strategy (RTS) scenarios, LLMs suffer from a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Li Ma , Hao Peng , Yiming Wang , Hongbin Luo , Jie Liu , Kongjing Gu , Guanlin Wu , Hui Lin , Lei Ren

In today's rapidly evolving military landscape, advancing artificial intelligence (AI) in support of wargaming becomes essential. Despite reinforcement learning (RL) showing promise for developing intelligent agents, conventional RL faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Scotty Black

Real-time strategy (RTS) games make heavy use of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the design of computerized opponents. Because of the computational complexity involved in managing all aspects of these games, many AI opponents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-03-07 Ian Helmke , Daniel Kreymer , Karl Wiegand